Open Journal Systems
Ibn Taimiyyah dan Rancang Bangun Taṣawuf Salafi
Abstract
Aḥmad ibn ‘Abd al-Ḥalīm ibn ‘Abd al-Salām ibn Taimiyyah (d. 728/1328) was a medieval scholar who is still discussed today; He was called the spiritual father of radicalism, the father of the Islamic revolution, to him the door of ijtihād is always open. There is almost no main theme in Islamic studies that is not discussed by him, Tasawuf as one of the treasures of Islam is also part of his discussion. Because of his sharp criticism of tasawuf and Sūfī, many say that he was the sworn enemy of tasawuf and anti-Sūfi, However, if we look at his works, he showed a good sympathy towards tasawuf and the Sūfī, for example his praise and respect for ‘Abd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī. He also gave commentary (syarḥ) on al-Jīlānī’s Futūḥ al-Ghaib. So it is not surprising when Makdisi concluded that Ibn Taimiyyah was a follower of the Qādiriyyah order. This article is intended to answer the questions: What is the correct concept of tasawuf and why does tasawuf need to be reconstructed according to Ibn Taimiyyah. This article uses literature data and theological-historical approach which is strengthened by sociological-anthropological review. This study finds that: (1) Ibn Taimiyyah in his critique of tasawuf does not only refer to the authoritative Sūfī texts, but also to his experiences in active interactions, discussions, and practices of the Sūfīs of his time. (2) The teachings and practices of tasawuf in his time, there were many distortions and infiltrations of thought and practices outside Islam that made tasawuf away from the concept of the early Sūfī. Ibn Taimiyyah was never hostile to tasawuf, he only wanted to put tasawuf and its practice back into the syarī‘ah.
Keywords
References
‘Awīs, M. M. (1970). Ibn Taimiyyah laisa Salafiyyan. Dār al-Nahḍah al-‘Arabiyyah.
Abū Zahrah, M. (Ed.). (1963). Usbūʿ al-Fiqh al-Islāmī wa-Mahrajān al-Imām Ibn Taimiyyah (1380/1961: Damascus). al-Majlis al-Aʿlā li-Riʿāyat al-Funūn wa-l-Ādāb wa-l-ʿUlūm al-Ijtimāʿiyya.
Abū Zahrah, M. (1991). Ibn Taimiyyah: Ḥayātuhu wa ‘Aṣruhu wa Ārā’uhu wa Fiqhuhu. Dar al-Fikr al-Arabī.
Adams, C. C. (1968). Islam and Modernism in Egypt : a Study of the Modern Reform Movement Inaugurated by Muhammad `Abduh. Russell & Russell.
Adem, R. (2015). The intellectual genealogy of Ibn Taymīya. The University of Chicago.
Al-‘Aql, ‘Abd al-‘Azīz ibn ‘Alī. (1987). Ibn Taimiyyah wa al-Samā‘ al-Ṣūfī min Khilāl Kitāb al-Istiqāmah. Imām Muḥammad ibn Sa‘ūd al-Islāmiyyah.
Al-‘Arīfī, M. ibn ‘Abd al-R. (2008). Mauqif Ibn Taimiyyah min al-Ṣūfiyyah. Dār al-Minhāj.
Al-‘Asqalānī, I. Ḥajar. (n.d.). al-Durar al-Kāminah fī A‘yān al-Mi’an al-Ṡāminah. Dāirah al-Ma‘ārif al-‘Uṡmāniyyah.
Al-‘Imrān, ‘Alī ibn Muḥammad. (2019). Al-Jāmi’ li Sīrah Syaikh al-Islām ibn Taimiyyah (661-728) Khilāl Sab’a Qurūn (M. ‘Uzair Syams & ‘Alī ibn Muḥammad Al-‘Imrān (Ed.)). Dār ‘Aṭā’āt al-‘Ilm.
Al-Barīdī, ‘Abd Allāh. (2021). Ibn Taimiyyah Failasūf al-Fiṭrah: Naḥwa Kabsalah al-Failasūf. Dār Aṡar.
Al-Barrāk, ‘Abd Allāh ibn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad. (2022). Al-Manṡūr min Sīrah Syaikh al-Islām Ibn Taimiyyah: Syażarātun Mustalatun min Ghairi Maẓānnihā. Dār al-Muḥaddiṡ.
Al-Bazzār, A. Ḥafṣ ‘Umar ibn ‘Alī. (1976). Al-A‘lām al-‘Aliyyah fī Manāqib Syaikh al-Islām Ibn Taimiyyah (Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Al-Munajjid (Ed.)). Dār al-Kitāb al-Jadīd.
Al-Dimasyqī, I. N. al-D. (1991). al-Radd al-Wāfir ‘alā Man Za‘ama bi anna Musammā Ibn Taimiyyah Syaikh al-Islām Kāfir (Z. Al-Syāwisy (Ed.)). Al-Maktabah al-Islāmī.
al-Fairūz Ābādī, M. ibn Y. (2005). Al-Qāmūs al-Muḥīṭ (M. N. Al-‘Ariqsūsī (Ed.)). Mu’assasah al-Risālah.
Al-Ghāmidī, B. ibn S. (2017). Masrad al-Dirāsāt ‘an Ibn Taimiyyah wa ‘Ulūmih: ma‘a Laṭā’if fī Sīratih. Markaz al-Bayān.
Al-Ḥamrī, H. ibn Q. (2019). Al-Munāẓarāt al-‘Aqadiyyah li Syaikh al-Islām Ibn Taimiyyah: Jam‘un wa Dirāsah. Al-Nāsyir al-Mutamayyiz.
Al-Ḥanbali, A. ‘Abd A. M. ibn ‘Alī. (1985). Mukhtaṣar al-Fatāwā al-Miṣriyyah li Ibn Taimiyyah. Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.
Al-Ḥanbalī, M. ibn Y. al-K., Al-Baiṭār, M., & Harās, M. K. (2016). Ṣalāṡah Kutub fī Tarjamah Syaikh al-Islām Ibn Taimiyyah. Dār al-Imām al-Bukhārī.
Al-Jauziyyah, I. Q. (2020). Ranks of the Divine Seekers: A Parallel English-Arabic Text (O. Anjum (Penerj.)). BRILL.
Al-Jurjānī, ‘Alī ibn Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī. (n.d.). Al-Ta’rīfāt. Dār al-Kitāb al-‘Arabī.
Al-Khar‘ān, M. ibn ‘Abd A. ib I. (2021). Sīrah Syaikh al-Islām Ibn Taimiyyah kamā Rawāhā Tilmīżudu Ibn Kaṡīr fī Kitābihi: al-Bidāyah wa al-Nihāyah.
Al-Marzūqī, A. Y. (1996). Iṣlāḥ al-‘Aql fi al-Falsafah al-‘Arabiyyah: min Wāqi‘iyyah Arisṭū wa Aflāṭūn ilā Ismiyyah Ibn Taimiyyah wa Ibn Khaldūn (2 ed.). Markaz Dirāsāt al-Waḥdah al-‘Arabiyyah.
Al-Matroudi, A. H. (2006). The Hanbali school of law and Ibn Taymiyyah: Conflict or conciliation. The Hanbali School of Law and Ibn Taymiyyah: Conflict or Conciliation, 1–288.
Al-Matroudi, A. H. (2008). Ibn Taymiyyah’s Evaluation of Istihsan in the Hanbali School of Law. Islamic Studies, 47(2), 155–172.
Al-Muṣaiṭif, ‘Abd al-‘Azīz ‘Użāb. (2006). Taṣawwuf Ibn Taimiyyah. Dār al-Khayāl.
Al-Qarīrī, Ḥamdī ibn Ḥamīd ibn Hammūd. (2011). Qawā‘id Ibn Taimiyyah fī al-Radd ‘alā al-Mukhālifīn: al-Yahūd-al-Naṣārā-al-Falāsifah-al-Firaq al-Islāmiyyah. Dār al-Faḍīlah.
Al-Qawṣī, M. ʻAbd al-S. (2015). Ibn Tamiyyah fī al-Mīzān. Maktabah Jazīrah al-Ward.
Al-Qusyairī, A. al-Q. (1966). Al-Risālah al-Qusyairiyyah (‘Abd al-Ḥalīm Maḥmūd (Ed.)). Dār al-Ta’līf.
Al-Rāziq, M. ‘Abd, & Massignon, L. (1984). Al-Taṣawwuf. Dār al-Kitāb al-Lubnānī.
Al-Sa‘īd, K. ibn ‘Abd al-‘Azīz. (2018). Ibn Taymiyyah wa Qānūn al-Ḥanābilah: baina al-Ta’aṡṡur wa al-Ta’ṡīr. Dār al-Taḥbīr.
Al-Ṣāliḥ, M. ibn A. (1995). Ummah fī Rajul Al-Imām al-Mujaddid Ibn Taimiyyah.
Al-Samhūrī, R. (2010). Naqd al-Khiṭāb al-Salafī: Ibn Taymiyyah Namūżajan. Ṭuwā li al-Ṡaqāfah wa al-Nasyr wa al-I‘lām.
Al-Sāyiḥ, A. ‘Abd al-R., & Wahbah, T. ‘Alī. (2006). Ajwibah Ibn ‘Arabī ‘alā As’ilah al-Ḥakīm al-Tirmiżī. Maktabah al-Ṡaqāfah al-Dīniyyah.
al-Sulamī, A. ‘Abd al-R., & Al-Tirmiżī, A.-Ḥakīm. (2003). Three Early Sufi Texts: A Treatise on the Heart (K. L. Honerkamp & N. Heer (Penerj.)). Fons Vitae.
Al-Syu‘aibī, ‘Alī. (2015). Ḥaqā’iq Tārīkhiyyah wa Dīniyyah ‘an Ibn Taimiyyah. Dār al-Syurūq.
Al-Syu’aibī, ‘Ādil. (2018). Ibn Taimiyyah Ṣūfiyyan. Dār al-Rayyāḥīn.
Al-Tirmiżī, A.-Ḥakīm. (n.d.). Kitāb Khatm al-Auliyā’ (‘Uṡmān Ismā‘īl (Ed.)). Al-Maṭba‘ah al-Kāṡūlīkiyyah.
Al-Ṭūsī, N. ‘Abd A. bin ‘Alī bin al-S. (1960). Al-Luma‘ (‘Abd al-Ḥalīm Maḥmūd (Ed.)). Dār al-Kutub al-Ḥadīṡah.
Al-Ya‘qūbī, M. ibn A. (2020). Ibn Taymiyyah laysa Syaikh al-Islām. Dār al-Quṭb Aḥmad Bāzayd.
Al-Żahabī, M. ibn A. (1985). Siyar A‘lām al-Nubalā’ (S. Al-Arnauṭ & B. Ma‘rūf (Ed.); 3 ed.). Mu’assasah al-Risālah.
Al-Żahabī, M. ibn A. (1998). Tażkirah al-Ḥuffāẓ. Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya.
Amitai-Preiss, R. (1996). Ghazan, Islam and Mongol tradition: a view from the Mamlūk sultanate. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 59(1), 1–10.
Amitai, R. (2004). The Mongol Occupation of Damascus in 1300: A Study of Mamluk Loyalties. In A. Levanoni & M. Winter (Ed.), The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and Society (hal. 21–41). Brill.
Anjum, O. (n.d.). Sufism without Mysticism? “Ibn Qayyim al-Ğawziyyah’s Objectives in Madāriğ al-sālikīn. In Shadow (hal. 161–188).
Anjum, O. (2010). Sufism without Mysticism? Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah’s Objectives in Madārij al-Sālikīn. A Scholar in the Shadow: Essays in the Legal and Theological Thought of Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah.
Ansari, M. A. H. (1985). Ibn Taymiyyah and Sufism. Islamic Studies, 24(1), 1–12.
Awal, M. A. (1998). Three divorces at one instance with special reference to the fatawa of Ibn Taymiyyah. University of Birmingham.
Balqīs, A. M. (2017). Ibn Taimiyyah al-Ṣūfī. Markaz Tafakkur.
Banānī, A. ibn M. (1986). Mauqif al-Imām Ibn Taimiyyah min al-Taṣawwuf wa al-Ṣūfiyyah. Umm al-Qurā.
Baugh, C. (2013). Ibn Taymiyya’s Feminism? Imprisonment and the Divorce Fatwās. In E. Aslan, M. Hermansen, & E. Medeni (Ed.), Muslima Theology: The Voices of Muslim Women Theologians (hal. 181–196). Peter Lang.
Beaurecueil, S. de L. de. (1965). Khwādja ʿAbdullāh Anṣārī (396‐481H./1006‐1089): mystique Hanbalite. Librairie Orientale.
Bell, J. N. (1979). Love Theory in Later Ḥanbalite Islam. State University of New York Press.
Berkey, J. P. (2003). The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800. Cambridge University Press.
Bori, C. (2010). Ibn Taymiyya wa-Jamā’atuhu: Authority, Conflict and Consensus in Ibn Taymiyya’s Circle. In Y. Rapoport & S. Ahmed (Ed.), Ibn Taymiyya and His Times (hal. 23–52). Oxford University Press.
Bori, C., & holtzman, L. (Ed.). (2022). ‘Ālimun fī al-Ḍill: Maqālāt fī al-Fikr al-Fiqhīy wa al-‘Aqadiy li Ibn Qayyim al-Jauziyyah (‘Amrū Basiyūnī, penerj.). Dār al-Rawāfid.
Commins, D. (1990). Islamic Reform: Politics and Social Change in Late Ottoman Syria. Oxford University Press.
Daneshgar, M., & Hughes, A. W. (2020). Deconstructing Islamic Studies. Ilex Foundation.
Danial. (2021). Dimensi Radikalisme dalam Penafsiran Ibn Taimiyah. Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
El-Merheb, M. (2022). Political Thought in the Mamluk Period: The Unnecessary Caliphate. Edinburgh University Press.
Farhadi, A. G. R. (1996). ʿAbdullah Ansari of Herat (1006‐1089 C.E.): An Early Sufi Master. Curzon Press.
Farhadi, A. G. R. (1999). The hundred grounds of ‘Abdullah Ansarī of Herat (d. 448/1056): the earliest mnemonic Sufi manual in Persian. In L. Lewisohn (Ed.), The Heritage of Sufism. Oneworld.
Fatḥurrahman, M. (2019). Risālah Muhimmah fī Bayān Wujūb Sulūk al-Ṭarīqah al-Mu’tabarah. Al-Mawāhib.
Goldziher, I. (1981). Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law. Princeton University Press.
Graf, B., & Skovgaard-Petersen, J. (2009). Global mufti : the phenomenon of Yusuf al-Qaradawi. Columbia University Press.
Harās, M. K. (1952). Ibn Taimiyyah al-Salafī. Al-Maṭba‘ah al-Yūsūfiyyah.
Hassan, M. (n.d.). Modern Interpretations and Misinterpretations of a Medieval Scholar: Apprehending the Political Thought of Ibn Taymiyya. In Times (hal. 338–366).
Haykel, B. (2003). Revival and Reform in Islam : the Legacy of Muhammad al-Shawkani. Cambridge University Press.
Ḥilmī, M. (1982). Ibn Taimiyya wa al-Taṣawwuf. Dār al-Da’wah.
Hoover, J. (2020). Ibn Taymiyya: Makers of The Muslim World. Oneworld Academic.
Ibn ‘Arabī, M. al-D. (n.d.). al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyyah (A. Syams al-Dīn (Ed.)). Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.
Ibn ’Abd Al-Hādī, M. ibn A. (2019). Al-‘Uqūd al-Durriyyah min Manāqib Syaikh al-Islām Aḥmad ibn Taimiyyah (‘Alī ibn Muḥammad Al-‘Imrān & M. ‘Uzayr Syams (Ed.)). Dār ‘Aṭā’āt al-‘Ilm.
Ibn al-‘Imād, ‘Abd al-Ḥayy ibn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. (1986). Syażarāt al-Żahab fī Akhbār man Żahab. Dār Ibn Kaṡīr.
Ibn al-Jawzī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAlī. (1971). Kitāb al-Quṣaṣ wa’l-Mużakkirīn (M. L. Swartz (Ed.)). Dar el-Machreq Éditeurs.
Ibn Ḥanbal, A. (2001). Musnad. Mu’assasah al-Risālah.
Ibn Qayyim al-Jauzīyyah, M. ibn A. B. (n.d.). Zād al-Maʿād fī Hady Khayr al-ʿIbād (S. Al-Arnāʾūṭ & ʿAbd al-Qādir Al-Arnāʾūṭ (Ed.)). Muʾassassat al-Risāla.
Ibn Qayyim al-Jauzīyyah, M. ibn A. B. (2004). Madārij al-Sālikīn. Dār al-Kutub al-’Ilmiyyah.
Ibn Qayyim al-Jauzīyyah, M. ibn A. B. (2010). Samā‘āt Ibn al-Qayyim min Syaikh al-Islām Ibn Taimiyyah wa Musyāhadātuhu wa Ḥikāyātuhu li Faḍā’ilihi wa Manāqibihi wa Aḥwālihi (S. ibn ‘Abd A. Al-Sardī (Ed.)). Dār al-Nawādir.
Ibn Qayyim al-Jauzīyyah, M. ibn A. B. (2019). Al-Wābil al-Ṣayyib wa Raf‘ al-Kalim al-Ṭayyib (‘Abd al-Raḥmān ibn Ḥasan Qā’id (Ed.)). Dār Ibn Ḥazm.
Ibn Rajab, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Syihāb. (1952). Kitāb al-Żail ʿalā Ṭabaqāt al-Ḥanābilah. Maṭbaʿat al-Sunnah al-Muḥammadiyyah.
Ibn Rusyayyiq, A. ‘Abd A. M. ibn ‘Abd A. ibn A. (2019). Asmā’ Mu’allafāt Syaikh al-Islām Ibn Taimiyyah. In M. ‘Uzair Syams & ‘Alī ibn Muḥammad Al-‘Imrān (Ed.), Al-Jāmi’ li Sīrah Syaikh al-Islām ibn Taimiyyah (661-728) Khilāl Sab’a Qurūn Syams, Muḥammad ‘Uzair Al-‘Imrān, ‘Alī ibn Muḥammad Dār ‘Aṭā’āt al-‘Ilm. Dār ‘Aṭā’āt al-‘Ilm.
Ibn Taimiyyah, A. ibn ’Abd al Ḥalīm. (n.d.-a). Al-Furqān bain Auliyā’ al-Raḥmān wa Auliyā’ al-Syaiṭān (‘Abd al-Raḥmān ibn ‘Abd al-Karīm Al-Yaḥyā (Ed.)). Maktabah Dār al-Minhāj.
Ibn Taimiyyah, A. ibn ’Abd al Ḥalīm. (n.d.-b). Al-Istiqāmah (M. R. Sālim (Ed.)). Jāmi’ah al-Imām Muḥammad ibn Sa’ūd.
Ibn Taimiyyah, A. ibn ’Abd al Ḥalīm. (n.d.-c). al-Ṣūfiyyah wa al-Fuqarā’ (M. J. Ghāzī (Ed.)). Maṭba‘ah al-Madanī.
Ibn Taimiyyah, A. ibn ’Abd al Ḥalīm. (n.d.-d). Al-Zuhd wa al-Warā’ wa al-‘Ibādah (Ḥammād Salāmah (Ed.)). Dār al-Manār.
Ibn Taimiyyah, A. ibn ’Abd al Ḥalīm. (n.d.-e). Ḥukm al-Simā’ wa al-Raqṣ (Ḥammād Salāmah (Ed.)). Maktabah al-Manār.
Ibn Taimiyyah, A. ibn ’Abd al Ḥalīm. (n.d.-f). Majmū‘ah al-Rasā’il wa al-Masā’il (M. R. Riḍā (Ed.)). Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.
Ibn Taimiyyah, A. ibn ’Abd al Ḥalīm. (n.d.-g). Majmūʿ fatāwā Shaykh al-Islām Aḥmad ibn Taymiyya (ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad Ibn Qāsim & M. IbnʿAbd al-Raḥmān (Ed.)). Maṭābiʿ al-Riyāḍ.
Ibn Taimiyyah, A. ibn ’Abd al Ḥalīm. (1950). Iqtiḍā’ al-Ṣirāṭ al-Mustaqim (M. Ḥāmid Al-Qāfī (Ed.)). Maṭba‘ah alSunnah al-Muḥammadīyah.
Ibn Taimiyyah, A. ibn ’Abd al Ḥalīm. (1965). Majmū‘ah al-Rasā’il al-Kubrā (M. ‘Alī Ṣabīḥ (Ed.)). Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāṡ al-‘Arabī.
Ibn Taimiyyah, A. ibn ’Abd al Ḥalīm. (1986). Minhāj al-Sunnah al-Nabawiyyah fī Naqd Kalām al-Syī‘ah wa al-Qadariyyah. Dār al-Maktabah Riyad al-Hadisah.
Ibn Taimiyyah, A. ibn ’Abd al Ḥalīm. (1988). Ḥukm al-Samā‘. Maktabah al-Manār.
Ibn Taimiyyah, A. ibn ’Abd al Ḥalīm. (1993). Fiqh al-Taṣawwuf (Z. S. Al-Kabbī (Ed.)). Dār al-Fikr al-‘Arabī.
Ibn Taimiyyah, A. ibn ’Abd al Ḥalīm. (2000). Al-Tuḥfah al-‘Irāqiyyah fī al-A’māl al-Qalbiyyah (Y. ibn M. ibn ‘Abd A. al-Hunaidī (Ed.)). Maktabah al-Rusyd.
Ibn Taimiyyah, A. ibn ’Abd al Ḥalīm. (2001a). al-Kalim al-Ṭayyib (M. N. al-D. Al-Albānī (Ed.)). Maktabah al-Ma‘ārif li al-Nasyr wa al-Tauzī‘.
Ibn Taimiyyah, A. ibn ’Abd al Ḥalīm. (2001b). Bughyah al-Murtād fī al-Radd ‘alā al-Mutafalsifah wa al-Qarāmiṭah wa al-Bāṭiniyyah Ahl al-Ilḥād min al-Qā’ilīn bi al-Ḥulūl wa al-Ilḥād. Maktabah al-‘Ulūm wa al-Ḥukm.
Ibn Taimiyyah, A. ibn ’Abd al Ḥalīm. (2004). Majmū’ Fatāwā Syaikh al-Islām Aḥmad ibn Taimiyyah (‘Abd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad Ibn Qāsim & M. ibn ‘Abd al-R. ibn M. Ibn Qāsim (Ed.)). Maṭābi‘ al-Riyāḍ.
Ibn Taimiyyah, A. ibn ’Abd al Ḥalīm. (2011a). Risālah fī al-‘Ubūdiyyah (F. A. Zamralī & F. Ḥasan Al-Turk (Ed.)). Dār Ibn Ḥazm.
Ibn Taimiyyah, A. ibn ’Abd al Ḥalīm. (2011b). Tafsīr Syaikh al-Islām Ibn Taimiyyah: al-Jāmi‘ li Kalām al-Imām Ibn Taimiyyah fī al-Tafsīr (I. ibn ‘Abd al-L. ibn I. Al-Qaisī (Ed.)). Dār Ibn al-Jauzī.
Ibn Taimiyyah, A. ibn ’Abd al Ḥalīm. (2018). Faṣl fī Tazkiyah al-Nafs (F. M. Al-‘Awaḍī (Ed.)). Maktabah al-Nahj al-Wāḍiḥ.
Ibn Taimiyyah, A. ibn ’Abd al Ḥalīm. (2021). Kitāb fī al-Wasīlah al-Masyhūr bi Qā‘idah Jalīlah fī al-Tawassul wa al-Wasīlah (Ḥamad ibn Aḥmad Al-‘Aṣlānī (Ed.)). Dār Īlāf al-Dauliyyah.
Ibn Taimiyyah, A. ibn ’Abd al Ḥalīm. (2022). Al-Rasā’il wa al-Masā’il (F. M. Al-‘Awaḍī (Ed.)).
Ibn Taimiyyah, A. ibn ’Abd al Ḥalīm, & Pavlin, J. (2015). Epistle on Worship (Risālat al-ʿUbūdiyya). Islamic Texts Society.
Ibrāhīm, M. Z. (1989). Abjadiyyah al-Taṣawwuf al-Islāmī. Mu’assasah Ihyā’ al-Turāṡ al-Ṣūfī.
Irwin, R. (1986). The Middle East in the middle ages: the early Mamluk sultanate 1250–1382. Southern Illinois University Press.
Islam, J. S., & Eryiğit, A. (2022). Islam and the State in Ibn Taymiyya. Routledge.
Juyushi, M. (1970). Al-Tirmidhi, His Works and His Opinions on Sufism. University of London.
Kabbani, M. H. (2004). The Naqshbandi Sufi tradition guidebook of daily practices and devotions.
Kean, T., & Hamilton, L. (2004). The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. W.W. Norton & Company.
Knysh, A. D. (1999). Ibn ʿArabi in the Later Islamic Tradition: The Making of a Polemical Image in Medieval Islam. State University of New York Press.
Laoust, H. (1939). Essai sur les doctrines sociales et politiques de Takī-d-Dīn Ahmad b. Taimīya: canoniste ḥanbalite, né à Harrān en 661/1262, mort à Damas en 728/1328. In Recherches d’archéologie, de philologie et d’histoire (Vol. 10, Nomor 10). l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale.
Little, D. P. (1973). The Historical and Historiographical Significance of the Detention of Ibn Taymiyya. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 4(3), 311–327.
Maḥmūd, ‘Abd al-Qādir. (1967). Al-Falsafah al-Ṣūfiyyah fī al-Islām: Maṣādiruhā wa Naẓariyyātuhā wa Makānatuha min al-Dīn wa al-Ḥayāt. Dār al-Fikr al-‘Arabī.
Maihula, J. S. (2021). Ibn Taymiyya in the Literature of Contemporary Jihadists. Dār al-Ghad al-Jadīd.
Makdisi, G. (1973a). Ibn Taimiya: a Sufi of the Qadariya Order. The American Journal of Arabic Studies, 1, 118–129.
Makdisi, G. (1973b). Ibn Taimiya: a Sufi of the Qadiriya Order. American Journal of Arabic Studies, 1, 118–129.
Mandaville, P. (Ed.). (2022). Wahhabism and the World: Understanding Saudi Arabia’s Global Influence on Islam. Oxford University Press.
March, A. F. (2009). Islam and Liberal Citizenship: The Search for an Overlapping Consensus. Oxford University Press.
Meijer, R. (2013). Global Salafism: Islam’s new religious movement. Oxford University Press, USA.
Michot, Y. (n.d.). Textes spirituels d’Ibn Taymiyya. Nouvelle Série.
Mohammad Akram Nadwi. (2007). Al-Muhaddithat: the Women Scholars in Islam. Interface Publications Ltd.
Nasīrah, H. (2015). Matāhah al-Ḥākimiyyah Akhṭā’ al-Jihādiyyin fī Fahmi Ibn Taimiyyah. Markaz Dirāsāt al-Waḥdah al-‘Arabiyyah.
Nizami, K. A. (1990). The Impact of Ibn Taymiyya on South Asia. Journal of Islamic Studies, 1, 120–149.
Northrup, L. (1998). The Bahrī Mamlūk sultanate, 1250-1390. In C. F. Petry (Ed.), The Cambridge History of Egypt: Volume 1: 640–1517 (Vol. 1, hal. 242–289). Cambridge University Press.
O’Kane, J., & Radtke, B. (2013). The Concept of Sainthood in Early Islamic Mysticism: Two Works by Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315026688
Pavlin, J. D. (1998). The concept of ’Ubudiyyah in the Theology of Ibn Taymiyyah: the Relationship between Faith, Love and Actions in the Perfection of Worship. New York University.
Picken, G. (2011). The Quest for Orthodoxy and Tradition in Islam: Hanbali Responses to Sufism. In U. M. J. B. P. R. A. Dyrendal (Ed.), Fundamentalism in the Modern World 2 (hal. 237–267). I. B. Tauris.
Post, A. (2016). A Glimpse of Sufism from the Circle of Ibn Taymiyya: An Edition and Translation of al-Baʿlabakkī’s (d. 734/1333) Epistle on the Spiritual Way (Risālat al-Sulūk). Journal of Sufi Studies, 5(2), 156–187.
Post, A. (2020). The Journeys of a Taymiyyan Sufi: Sufism through the Eyes of ʿImād al-Dīn Aḥmad al-Wāsiṭī. Brill.
Preckel, C. (n.d.). Screening Ṣiddīq Ḥasan Khān’s Library: The Use of Ḥanbalī Literature in 19th-Century Bhopal. In Debating (hal. 162–219).
Rahman, F. (1958). Prophecy in Islam: Philosophy and Orthodoxy. George Allen & Unwin.
Rahman, Fazlur. (1979). Islam. The University of Chicago Press.
Rahman, Fazlur. (2003). Revival and Reform in Islam: A Study of Islamic Fundamentalism. Oneworld.
Rapoport, Y. (2004). Ibn Taymiyya on Divorce Oaths. In E. M. Winter & A. Levanoni (Ed.), The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and Society (hal. 191–217). Brill.
Rapoport, Y. (2005). Marriage, Money and Divorce in Medieval Islamic Society. Cambridge University Press.
Rapoport, Y., & Ahmed, S. (2010). Ibn Taymiyya and his times. Oxford University Press.
Riexinger, M. (n.d.). Ibn Taymiyya’s Worldview and the Challenge of Modernity: A Conflict Among the Ahl-i-Ḥadīth in British India. In Debating (hal. 493–517).
Sa‘ad, A.-Ṭablāwī M. (1984). Al-Taṣawwuf fī Turaṡ Ibn Taimiyyah. Al-Hai’ah al-Miṣriyyah al-Āmmah li al-Kitāb.
Samrīn, Y. (2020). Naẓariyyah Ibn Taimiyyah fī al-Ma‘rifah wa al-Wujūd. Markaz al-Fikr al-Gharbī.
Sirriyeh, E. (2014). Sufis and anti-Sufis: The defence, rethinking and rejection of Sufism in the modern world. Routledge.
Sivan, E. (1983). Ibn Taymiyya: Father of the Islamic Revolution: Medieval Theology & Modern Politics. Encounter, 60(5), 41–50.
Sviri, S. (2019). Perspectives on Early Islamic Mysticism; The World of al-Ḥakīm al-Tirmidhī and his Contemporaries (S. Sviri (Ed.)). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203022726
Verskin, S. (2020). Barren Women. De Gruyter.
Wehrey, F., & Boukhars, A. (2019). Defining Salafism. In Salafism in the Maghreb (hal. 5–18). Oxford University Press.
Weismann, I. (2000). Taste of Modernity: Sufism, Salafiyya, and Arabism in Late Ottoman Damascus. Brill.
Weismann, I. (2009). Genealogies of Fundamentalism: Salafi Discourse in Nineteenth-Century Baghdad. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 36(2), 267–280.
Weismann, I. (2021). New and Old Perspectives in the Study of Salafism. Bustan: The Middle East Book Review, 8(1), 22–37.
Wiktorowicz, Q. (2005). A Genealogy of Radical Islam. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 28(2), 75–97.
Zahrah, M. A., ‘Alī, M. K., Laoust, H., & Ziadeh, N. (2018). Khams Tarājim Mu‘āṣirah li Syaikh al-Islām Ibn Taimiyyah (‘Alī Muḥammad Al-‘Imrān (Ed.)). Dār Salaf.
Zahwī, A.-D. ibn M. Ā. (2006). Jalā’ al-‘Ainain bi Muḥākamah al-Aḥmadain: Ibn Taimiyyah-Ibn al-Haitamī. Al-Maktabah al-‘Aṣriyyah.
Zaman, M. Q. (2012). Modern Islamic Thought in a Radical Age: Religious Authority and Internal Criticism. Cambridge University Press.
DOI: 10.21043/esoterik.v8i2.16509
