Banking Market Risk Modelling Using QAR-Based CoVaR with Quantile Regression

Luqyana Zakiya Alma, Dedy Dwi Prastyo, Santi Puteri Rahayu, Ari Nugroho

Abstract


Financial sector stability is essential for economic resilience, particularly in Indonesia’s banking industry. Commonly used risk measures such as Value-at-Risk (VaR) capture individual risk but do not adequately account for systemic interdependence. Existing studies often rely on linear models that are less capable of capturing asymmetric and heavy-tailed return behaviour. This study addresses this gap by developing a Conditional Value-at-Risk (CoVaR) framework based on the Quantile Autoregressive (QAR) approach. This study uses daily closing prices of 15 largest market-cap banking firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from July 4, 2022, to June 30, 2025. VaR is estimated using QAR, followed by CoVaR estimation through quantile regression, and evaluated using the Kupiec Proportion of Failures (POF) test. The results show that the QAR-based VaR model performs consistently well, with all 15 banks passing the Kupiec test at both the 1% and 5% quantiles, indicating robust tail risk estimation. In contrast, CoVaR results are less stable, with 14 banks passing at the 1% quantile and only 7 at the 5% quantile, suggesting challenges in capturing conditional dependence. Banks such as ARTO and BBHI exhibit stronger systemic spillover effects. This study contributes by integrating QAR into CoVaR modelling and provides insights for systemic risk monitoring in emerging banking markets.

 

Stabilitas sektor keuangan sangat penting dalam menjaga ketahanan ekonomi, khususnya pada industri perbankan di Indonesia. Ukuran risiko yang umum digunakan seperti Value-at-Risk (VaR) mampu menangkap risiko individual, namun belum memadai dalam merepresentasikan keterkaitan sistemik antar institusi. Studi yang ada umumnya masih mengandalkan model linier yang kurang mampu menangkap karakteristik return yang asimetris dan berekor tebal. Penelitian ini mengatasi kesenjangan tersebut dengan mengembangkan kerangka Conditional Value-at-Risk (CoVaR) berbasis pendekatan Quantile Autoregressive (QAR). Penelitian ini menggunakan data harga penutupan harian dari 15 perusahaan perbankan dengan kapitalisasi pasar terbesar yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia selama periode 4 Juli 2022 hingga 30 Juni 2025. Estimasi VaR dilakukan menggunakan model QAR, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan estimasi CoVaR melalui regresi kuantil, dengan evaluasi kinerja model menggunakan uji Kupiec Proportion of Failures (POF). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model VaR berbasis QAR memiliki kinerja yang konsisten baik, dengan seluruh 15 bank lolos uji Kupiec pada kuantil 1% dan 5%, yang mengindikasikan estimasi risiko ekor yang andal. Sebaliknya, hasil CoVaR menunjukkan stabilitas yang lebih rendah, dengan 14 bank lolos pada kuantil 1% dan hanya 7 bank pada kuantil 5%, yang mengindikasikan adanya tantangan dalam menangkap ketergantungan kondisional. Bank seperti ARTO dan BBHI menunjukkan kontribusi risiko sistemik yang lebih tinggi. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi dengan mengintegrasikan QAR ke dalam pemodelan CoVaR serta memberikan implikasi praktis bagi pemantauan risiko sistemik pada pasar perbankan di negara berkembang.


Keywords


CoVaR; QAR; Quantile Regression; Systemic Risk; VaR

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/jpmk.v9i1.35180

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