Open Journal Systems

Environmental Activism of Islamic Organizations: Environmental Diplomacy Strategies in Facing the Global Climate Crisis

Nevy Rusmarina Dewi

Abstract

This study examines the roles of Indonesia’s major Islamic organizations, Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), in environmental diplomacy at both national and global levels through the lens of Green Islam. This research uses a field research method with a qualitative-descriptive approach.. The findings reveal that Green Islam rooted in the principles of tawhid, khalifah, and Amanah provides an ethical foundation for both organizations to develop environmental jurisprudence, ecological education, and public advocacy. Muhammadiyah demonstrates a rational-progressive approach through initiatives such as Fikih Air, Fikih Energi, Eco-Mosque programs, and the Green Ramadan campaign. Conversely, NU emphasizes a spiritual-contextual approach through Fikih Iklim, Green Pesantren, and the Santri Environmental Movement. Both organizations actively participate in international forums such as COP-26 to COP-28, collaborate with global institutions, and contribute to the Islamic Declaration on Global Climate Change. The study concludes that NU and Muhammadiyah function as significant non-state actors in Indonesia’s environmental diplomacy, combining religious values, education, and transnational networks, thereby strengthening Indonesia’s position as a promoter of ecological ethics in international relations.

Keywords

Green Islam, Environmental Diplomacy, Muhammadiyah, Nahdlatul Ulama

References

Abdullah, M. (2020). Islam dan Etika Lingkungan. Prenada Media Grup.

Afrasiabi, K. L. (2003). Islam and Ecology: A Bestowed Trust. Harvard College.

Ali, S. H., & Vladich, H. V. (2016). Environmental Diplomacy. In C. C. M., P. Kerr, & P. Sharp (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy. Sage Publication.

Arfalianda, F. A. (2024). Diplomasi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia – Malaysia : Upaya Bersama dalam Mengatasi Isu – Isu Perubahan Iklim Periode 2019 – 2024. Global Insight Journal, 1(1).

Auda, J. (2008). Maqasid al-Shariah as Philosophy of Islamic Law. IIIT.

Betsill, M. M., & Corell, E. (eds. (2008). NGO Diplomacy: The Influence of Nongovernmental Organizations in International Environmental Negotiations. MIT Press.

Bodansky, D. (2010). The Art and Craft of International Environmental Law. Harvard University Press.

Bungsu, A. P. (2022). Muhammadiyah Disaster Management Center (MDMC) dan Pemberdayaan Umat dalam Mewujudkan Solidaritas. Journal of Da’wah, 1(2), 282–305.

Casanova, J. (1994). Public Religions in the Modern World. Universitas of Chicago Press.

Creswell John W. (2014). Research Design Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif dan Mixed (Tiga). Pustaka Belajar.

Dewayanti, A., & Saat, N. (2020). Islamic Organizations and Environmentalism in Indonesia. PERSPECTIVE ISEAS Singapore, 117(2020), 1–9.

Dryzek, J. (2005). The Politics of the Earth: Environmental Discourses. Oxford University Press.

Efendi, D., Kurniawan, N. I., & Santoso, P. (2021). From Fiqh to Political Advocacy: Muhammadiyah’s Ecological Movement in the Post New Order Indonesia. Studia Islamika, 28(2).

Faruqi, Y. (2019). Islam and Environmental Ethics. IIUM Press.

Fauzanto, A. (2020). Peran Muhammadiyah dan Nahdlatul Ulama dalam Problematika Kerusakan Lingkungan Hidup di Indonesia. Momentum, 9(1), 1–41. https://www.mongabay.co.id/2018/04/24/walhi-kondisi-

Foltz, R. (2010). Animals in Islamic Tradition and Muslim Cultures. Oneworld.

Foltz, R. C. (2003). Islamic Environmentalism: A Matter of Interpretation. Harvard University Press.

Fowler, R. (2013). Religion and Climate Ethics. In Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change.

Gade, A. . (2012). Tradition and Sentiment in Indonesian Environmental Islam. Worldviews, 16(3).

Glaab, K., & Fuchs, D. (2018). Global governance of climate change: The role of non-state actors. Routledge.

Haynes, J. (2019). Religion, Politics and International Relations. Routledge.

Haynes, J. (2021). Religious Transnational Actors and Soft Power in Global Politics. Routledge.

Hefner, R. W. (2000). Civil Islam: Muslims and Democratization in Indonesia. Princeton University Press.

Hendar, H., Rezasyah, T., & Sari, D. S. (2022). Diplomasi Lingkungan Indonesia Melalui ASEAN dalam Menanggulangi Marine Plastic Debris. Padjadjaran Journal of International Relations, 4(2), 201. https://doi.org/10.24198/padjir.v4i2.40721

Hidayat, A. (2017). Konstruksi Gerakan Sosial : Efektivitas Gerakan Lingkungan Hidup Global. Jurnal Administrative Reform, 5(2), 56. https://doi.org/10.52239/jar.v5i2.662

Ikhwanuddin, M. (2020). Muhammadiyah’s Response to Climate Change and Environmental Issues: Based on Tarjih National Conference. 436, 762–766. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200529.161

Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia. (2020). Green Sukuk: Allocation and Impact Report 2020.

Keohane, R. O., & Nye, J. S. (2001). Power and Interdependence. Longman.

Lembaga Bahtsul Masail PBNU. (2023). Fikih Iklim: Pandangan Islam tentang Krisis Iklim. PBNU.

Lembaga Pendidikan Ma’arif NU. (2022). Fikih Iklim: Pandangan Islam tentang Krisis Iklim. PBNU.

LLHPB ‘Aisyiyah. (2021). Laporan Kegiatan Green School dan Kader Lingkungan Hidup ‘Aisyiyah.

Majelis Tarjih dan Tajdid PP Muhammadiyah. (2016). Fikih Air dan Fikih Energi. Suara Muhammadiiyah.

Marquart-Pyatt, S. T. (2012). Explaining Environmental Activism Across Countries. Society and Natural Resources, 25(7), 683–699. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2011.625073

Melissen, J. (ed. . (2005). The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations. Palgrave Macmillan.

Millah, A. S. (2023). Green Islam : Counter Discourse terhadap Konsep Ekologi Kapitalisme Lanjut. Istana Agency.

Miterianifa, R., & Mawarni, S. (2024). Integrasi Nilai Keagamaan dalam Pendidikan Lingkungan. Ilmu Pendidikan Islam.

Muhammadiyah. (2022). Gerakan Green Ramadan dan Kolaborasi untuk Aksi Iklim. PP Muhammadiyah.

MUI. (2016). Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia No. 30 tahun 2016. Mui.or.Id. https://mui.or.id/baca/fatwa/hukum-pembakaran-hutan-dan-lahan-serta-pengendaliannya

Nasr, S. H. (1996). Religion and the Order of Nature. Oxford University Press.

Nasr, S. H. (2010). Man and Nature: The Spiritual Crisis of Modern Man. Harper.

Nastiti, A. D., & Riyanto, G. (2022). Anak muda dan aksi iklim: Peran Media Sosial dan Komunitas dalam Mendorong Aktivisme Lingkungan. Remotivi, 1–40. https://www.remotivi.or.id/images/research/1649047098.Remotivi_Laporan Penelitian_Anak Muda dan Aksi Iklim.pdf

NU Online. (2023). Santri Peduli Lingkungan dan Keterlibatan NU di Forum COP PBB. Nu.or.Id.

Nugroho, A. (2017). Geliat Organisasi Pemuda Lingkungan (Opl) Dalam Ranah Gerakan Lingkungan Di Yogyakarta. Sosiologi Agama, 9(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14421/jsa.2015.091-07

Nye, J. S. J. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs.

PBNU. (2023). Gerakan Dakwah Lingkungan melalui Media Sosial. PBNU.

Pimpinan Pusat Muhammadiyah. (2018). Fikih Kebencanaan dan Tuntunan Shalat. Gramasurya, 1–272. https://mdmc.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Fikih-Kebencanaan-dan-Tuntunan-Shalat.pdf

Pramudianto, A. (2008). Diplomasi lingkungan: Teori dan Fakta. UI Press.

Qodarsasi, U. (2025). The Role of Indonesian Environment Movement to Respond the Government Policy Regarding Climate Change Issues. Politea : Jurnal Pemikiran Politik Islam, 8(1), 1–15.

Rachmawati, T. N. ., & Supardi, Z. A. I. (2021). Analisis Model Conceptual Change Dengan Pendekatan Konflik Kognitif Untuk Mengurangi Miskonsepsi Fisika Dengan Metode Library Research. Pendipa Journal Of Science Education, 5(2).

Rahman, F. (2020). Islamic Environmentalism and Diplomacy in Southeast Asia. Journal of Islamic Studies, 31(4).

Rahman, W. binti H. A., & Mutakin, A. (2023). Fiqh Ekologi, Upaya Merawat Lingkungan Hidup Berbasis Konsep Maqashid Syariah. Syariah: Journal of Fiqh Studies, 1(2), 107–126. https://doi.org/10.21093/mj.v12i2.331.

Rizal, M. (2021). Green Islam dan Kesadaran Ekologis Umat Muslim. Jurnal Studi Islam Dan Lingkungan, 8(2).

Roy S.L. (1995). Diplomasi. Raja Grafindo Persada.

Schwencke, A. M. (2012). Globalized Eco-Islam A Survey of Global Islamic Environmentalism. Leiden University.

Sholikin, A., Erison, Y., Shoimah, S., Surur, M., Laili, N., & Zamzam, A. F. (2025). Green Politic ( Menuju Masa Depan yang Berkelanjutan ). In Green Politic ( Menuju Masa Depan yang Berkelanjutan ) (Issue February).

Sihombing, E., Sianturi, J., & Simamora, L. (2023). Revolusi hijau dalam pendidikan kristiani: Menghidupkan ecophilia dalam spiritualitas keseharian. KURIOS (Jurnal Teologi Dan Pendidikan Agama Kristen, 10(1).

Staquf, Y. C. (2023). Faith and Climate Ethics in Global Diplomacy. Proceedings of COP28 Interfaith Dialogue.

Suara Muhammadiyah. (2023). Edisi Khusus Dakwah Lingkungan. Suara Muhammadiyah.

Sugiyono. (2020). Metode penelitian kualitatif, kuantitatif, dan R&D. Alfa Beta.

Sukmadinata, N. S. (2012). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan. Remaja Rosdakarya.

Susskind, L. E., & Ali, S. H. (2015). Environmental Diplomacy: Negotiating More Effective Global Agreements. Oxford University Press.

sutrisno, cucu. (2017). Partisipasi Warga Negara Dalam Pilkada. Jurnal Pancasila Dan Kewarganegaraan, 2(2), 36–48. https://doi.org/10.24269/v2.n2.2017.36-48

Syamsudin, D. (2018). Fikih Energi dalam Perspektif Muhammadiyah. Tarjih.

Taylor, B. R. (2010). Dark Green Religion: Nature Spirituality and the Planetary Future. Uiversity of California Press.

Testriono, Ropi, I., Auliya, A. N., Ibmar, D., Billahi, S., & Rohayati, T. (2024). Gerakan Green Islam di Indonesia : Aktor, Strategi, dan Jaringan. UIN Jakarta Press.

Tierney, K. (2014). The Social Roots of Risk: Producing Disasters. Stanford University Press.

UNDP. (2023). Faith for Climate Action Report.

World Risk Report. (2022). World Risk Report 2022 - Focus: Digitalization. //reliefweb.int/report/world/worldriskreport-2022-focus%0Adigitalization (November 11, 2023)

Yakub, M., Firmansyah, O., & Muhajir, A. (2023). Exploring Islamic spiritual ecology in Indonesia: Perspectives from Nahdlatul Ulama’s progressive intellectuals. Journal for the Study of Spirituality, 13(2).

Yamani, A. (2023). Diplomasi Lingkungan NU dalam Forum Perubahan Iklim. Hubungan Internasional.

Zuhri, M. (2020). Maqasid Syariah dalam Fikih Lingkungan NU. Al-Ahkam.

Full Text: PDF

DOI: 10.21043/politea.v8i2.34782