Browse Author Index

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All

*

*, Manijo (Indonesia)
*, Masrukhin (Indonesia)
*, Suparmin (Indonesia)
*, Suyanto (Indonesia)

A

Af’idah R, Alfiana (Indonesia)
Affida, Laili Nur, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya (Indonesia)
Afif, Sholihul
Ahmadun, Ahmadun, Universitas Islam Nahdlatul Ulama (UNISNU), Jepara (Indonesia)
Ahsani, Eva Luthfi Fakhru, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus (Indonesia)
Akbar, Rofiq Faudy, Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri (STAIN) Kudus (Indonesia)
Akbar, Rofiq Faudy, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus (Indonesia)
Akbar, Rofiq Faudy (Indonesia)
Akhsanulkhaq, Moh, Dinas Pendidikan Kabupaten Kudus
Almafahir, Ahmad (Indonesia)
Amelia A, Ayu Nilna (Indonesia)
Amin, Moh, MA KETRAMPILAN AL-IRSYAD DEMAK (Indonesia)
Amir, Yayat Hidayat, Universitas Pancasakti Tegal
Andriyani, Santi, UNISNU Jepara
Anggraini, Dian Mustika, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus, Kudus (Indonesia)
Anif, Sofyan, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Surakarta (Indonesia)
Annas, Azwar (Indonesia)
Aqibudin, Idrus, SMP 1 GEBOG KUDUS (Indonesia)
Asbari, Masduki (Indonesia)
Asfiyah, Siti, IAIN Kudus (Indonesia)
Aulia, Fikri, Universitas Pancasakti Tegal
aziz, Sofyan (Indonesia)
Azizah, Isnaini Nur, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta (Indonesia)

‘Izzah, Dinal (Indonesia)

B

B.S, Abdul Wachid, IAIN Purwokerto (Indonesia)
Baharun, Hasan, Universitas Nurul Jadid Paiton Probolinggo (Indonesia)
Baharun, Hasan, STAI An-Nawawi Purworejo (Indonesia)
Basyid, Muhammad Abdul (Indonesia)
BS., Abdul Wachid (Indonesia)
Bustomi, Muhammad Farid, IAIN Kudus (Indonesia)

C

Charis, Abdul, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus, Kudus (Indonesia)
Choir, Abu, IAIN Kudus (Indonesia)

D

D, Derliana, MA KMM Kauman Padang Panjang (Indonesia)
Darmawan, Oki (Indonesia)
Dermawan, Oki, UIN Raden Intan Lampung

E

Effendi, Yulius Rustan, Universitas PGRI Kanjuruhan Malang (Indonesia)
Efferi, Adri
Efferi, Adri, STAIN Kudus
Efferi, Adri, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus (Indonesia)
Efferi, Adri, Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri (STAIN) Kudus (Indonesia)
Efferi, Adri (Indonesia)
Efferi, Adri, STAIN KUDUS (Indonesia)
El Rizaq, Agung Dwi Bahtiar, IAIN Madura (Indonesia)
Elmzandi, Jaouhara, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez (Morocco)
Erihadiana, Mohamad, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung (Indonesia)

F

Fa'atin, Salmah, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus (Indonesia)
Fa'atin, Salmah (Indonesia)
Fa’atin, Salmah, STAIN Kudus
Faishol, Muhammad, GPAI SMAN 1 Tegaldlimo, Banyuwangi (Indonesia)
Faizatun, Faizatun (Indonesia)
Falah, Ahmad (Indonesia)
Falaq, Yusuf, IAIN KUDUS (Indonesia)
Farida, Umma (Indonesia)
Fatah, Ahmad (Indonesia)
Fatimah, Fatimah (Indonesia)
Fauzan, Abas (Indonesia)
Fauzi, M. Asif Nur, STEBI Syaikhona Kholil Sidogiri, Pasuruan (Indonesia)
Fikri, Achmad Ali, (ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2950-4865), IAIN Kudus (Indonesia)
Fikri, Achmad Ali, IAIN kudus (Indonesia)
Finandar, Hilyah Alan, MTsN Palembang
Firmansyah, Agus (Indonesia)
Fitriyah, Anis (Indonesia)
Fuadi, Salis Irvan (Indonesia)

G

Ghufron, M Nur, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus (Indonesia)
Ghufron, M. Nur, Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri (STAIN) Kudus (Indonesia)
Ghufron, M. Nur
Ghufron, M.Nur (Indonesia)
Ghufron, Nur (Indonesia)
Giyoto, Giyoto, Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Mas Said, Surakarta (Indonesia)
Gunadi, Gunadi (Indonesia)

H

Hadi, Imam Sholihul
Hadi, Mohamad Samsul (Indonesia)
Hadi, Muhammad Nur, Universitas Yudharta Pasuruan (Indonesia)
Hadziq, Abdulloh
Hafidl, Noor, Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Mas Said, Surakarta, Indonesia (Indonesia)
Hamid, Abdulloh, UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya
Hamid, Abdulloh (Indonesia)
Hamid, Abdulloh, UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya Jawa Timur (Indonesia)
Hamida, Nurul Atik (Indonesia)
Hamzah, Muchamad RIfai, UIN Sultan Aji Muhammad Idris Samarinda (Indonesia)
Hanan, Uan Abdul, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surakarta (Indonesia)
Hanik, Elya Umi, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus (Indonesia)
Haqiqi, Arghob Khofya, Department of Science Education, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus
Hasan, Maulana Achmad (Indonesia)
Hasanah, Siti Nur (Indonesia)
Hastuti, Dwi, Sekolah Tingi Pendidikan Islam (STPI) Bina Insan Mulia, Yogyakarta (Indonesia)
Hayati, Zuqriva (Indonesia)
Hermawan, Yogik Delta (Indonesia)
Hermina, Dina, Antasari State Islamic University Banjarmasin (Indonesia)
Hidayah, Ihda Faizatul, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus (Indonesia)
Hidayat, Hidayat, UIN Raden Fatah Palembang (Indonesia)
Hidayati, Inayah (Indonesia)
Hidayati, Sri Utami, IAIN SALATIGA (Indonesia)
Hilmi, Mashar (Indonesia)
Huda, Aris Syaiful (Indonesia)
Huda, Mualimul, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus, Kudus (Indonesia)
Hutagalung, Leo, Universitas Pelita Harapan (Indonesia)
Hyun, Choi Chi, Universitas Pelita Harapan (Indonesia)

I

Ihsan, Ihsan, Stain Kudus
Ihsan, Ihsan, (Scopus ID: 57218199701), Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Kudus (Indonesia)
Ikhsan, Ilian, UIN Sjech M. Djamil Djambek Bukittinggi (Indonesia)
Ilyas, Muhammad (Indonesia)
In'ami, Moh, IAIN Kudus (Indonesia)
Indraswari, Elvrida Rosalia (Indonesia)
Iriantara, Yosal, Pascasarjana Universitas Islam Nusantara, Bandung (Indonesia)
Ismanto, Ismanto, Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri (STAIN) Kudus (Indonesia)
Isnaniah, Siti, Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Mas Said, Surakarta (Indonesia)
Isnawati, Zakiyah (Indonesia)
Isroani, Farida, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Sunan Giri, Bojonegoro (Indonesia)
Isroani, Farida, STITMA Tuban (Indonesia)

J

Jalil, Muhamad, Intitut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus (Indonesia)
Jannah, Rizki Raudhotul, Universitas Yudharta Pasuruan (Indonesia)
Jariyah, Ainun, Program Studi Pendidikan Agama Islam, Program Pascasarjana IAIN Salatiga (Indonesia)
Jazil, Ahmad Sauqil (Indonesia)
Jupriyanto, Jupriyanto (Indonesia)

K

Kalim, Abdul
Kamto, Kamto, STAI Pati
Karim, Abdul, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus, Kudus (Indonesia)
Karim, Abdul (Indonesia)
Karsono, Lorena Dara Putri (Indonesia)
Kasdi, Abdurrahman, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus, Kudus (Indonesia)
Kasdi, Abdurrahman, Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri (STAIN) Kudus (Indonesia)
Kasdi, Abdurrahman (Indonesia)
Khamidah, Lia Nur (Indonesia)
Khoeriyah, Umi (Indonesia)
Khofi, Mohammad Bilutfikal, STAI AT-TAQWA BONDOWOSO (Indonesia)
Khoiriyah, Siti, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Sunan Giri, Bojonegoro (Indonesia)
Khoironi, Farid, Stain Kudus
Kholidin, Afif (Indonesia)
Kholiq, Abdul (Indonesia)
Kisbiyanto, Kisbiyanto, STAIN Kudus
Komalasari, Neni, Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (Indonesia)
Kurniawan, Asep (Indonesia)
Kurniawan, Asep
Kurniawan, Asep, IAIN Syeh Nurjati Cirebon
Kurniawati, Indah, IAIN Purwokerto (Indonesia)
Kurniawati, Rahmaditta, Uin Sunan Kalijaga (Indonesia)
Kusmiyarsih, Sri, Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Darul Ulum 02 Kudus (Indonesia)

L

Laayadi, Soukaina, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez (Morocco)
Latipah, Eva, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta
Lestari, Prawidya, STAINU PURWOREJO (Indonesia)
Lida, Ulfah Mey, IAIN Kudus (Indonesia)
Litehua, Andy (Indonesia)
Lusiyanti, Lusiyanti, IAIN Kudus (Indonesia)

M

M, Iswantir (Indonesia)
Ma'rifah, Ishfina Ziyadatul, IAIN Kudus (Indonesia)
Maemonah, Maemonah (Indonesia)
Mahmudah, Nur, Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri (STAIN) Kudus (Indonesia)
Mahmudin, Dikki Zulfikar, UIN Prof. KH. Saifuddin Zuhri, Purwokerto (Indonesia)
Mai Al Mawangir, Fathiyatul Haq, INSTITUT AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI SALATIGA (Indonesia)
Maisyanah, Maisyanah, (Google Scholar). STAIN Kudus, Jawa Tengah (Indonesia)
Majid, Abdul (Indonesia)
Marwah, Rosedah Sa’datul, UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya (Indonesia)
Maryati, Maryati
Mas'ad, Mas'ad (Indonesia)
Masamah, Ulfa
Masfifah, Masfifah (Indonesia)
Maskur, Maskur, Setia walisemblan Semarang
Maslikhah, Maslikhah (Indonesia)
Masrukhin, Masrukhin, Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri (STAIN) Kudus (Indonesia)
Masrukhin, Masrukhin
Masturin, Masturin, Fakultas Dakwah dan Komunikasi Islam, IAIN Kudus (Indonesia)
Masudatik, Mamik, PASCA SARJANA IAIN KUDUS (Indonesia)
Maunah, Alil, Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 2 Kudus, Kudus (Indonesia)
Miftah, Muhammad, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus, Kudus (Indonesia)
Mohtarom, Mohtarom
Mu'min, Ma'mun
Muali, Chusnul, Universitas Nurul Jadid Paiton Probolinggo (Indonesia)
Mubaraq, Muhammad Zaki, Antasari State Islamic University Banjarmasin (Indonesia)
Mubarok, Ahmad Zakki, universitas ibn khaldun bogor (Indonesia)
Mubarok, Husni, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus, Kudus (Indonesia)
Mubasyaroh, Mubasyaroh, Intitut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus (Indonesia)
Muchith, M. Saekan
Muchsin, Muchsin, Universitas Jabal Ghafur, Sigli (Indonesia)
Mufid, Fathul, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus, Kudus (Indonesia)
Mufid, Fathul (Indonesia)
Mufid, Muhammad, IAIN Pekalongan (Indonesia)
Muflihah, Anik (Indonesia)
Muhanifah, Muhanifah, Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Kudus (Indonesia)
Muharrom, Fauzi, Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Mas Said, Surakarta (Indonesia)
Muhibbin, Ahmad, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Surakarta (Indonesia)
Muhlisin, Muhlisin, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus, Kudus (Indonesia)
Muiz, Muhammad Abdul, MIN Mlaten Demak (Indonesia)
Mujab, Saiful, IAIN Kudus (Indonesia)
Mukhtar, Tatang (Indonesia)
Mulyani, Pamungkas Stiya, FITK UNSIQ WONOSOBO (Indonesia)
Mursyidi, Wathroh (Indonesia)
Murtadlo, Ali, IAIN Salatiga (Indonesia)
Muspiroh, Novianti (Indonesia)
Muspiroh, Novianti
Mustaqim, Muhamad, STAIN Kudus
Muthmainnah, Muthmainnah, IAIN Kudus (Indonesia)
Muttaqin, Zaenal, IAIN Kudus (Indonesia)
Muzdalifah, Muzdalifah, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus, Kudus (Indonesia)
Muzdalifah, Muzdalifah, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus (Indonesia)

N

Nabilah, Nafa, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang (Indonesia)
Nafiyanti, Septina, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang (Indonesia)
Nailassa’adah, Nailassa’adah, MA NU BANAT KUDUS (Indonesia)
Nashihah, Ummi Hanik, Pascasarjana INSTITUT AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI KUDUS (Indonesia)
Nashiruddin, Ahmad (Indonesia)
Nasirudin, Hamam, MAN 2 Kudus (Indonesia)
Nasri Dini, Muhammad, Pascasarjana UIN Raden Mas Said Surakarta (Indonesia)
Nfissi, Abdelhamid, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez (Morocco)
Ni’mah, Roudlotun, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Sunan Giri, Bojonegoro (Indonesia)
Nikmah, Alfi
Nikmah, Astitik, IAIN Kudus (Indonesia)
Nikmah, Faridatun, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang (Indonesia)
Nofiaturrahmah, Fifi, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus (Indonesia)
Nofiaturrahmah, Fifi, (Scopus ID: 57814463600), Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus (Indonesia)
Nofiaturrahmah, Fifi, STAIN Kudus
Noor, Faiq Maqdhum (Indonesia)
Noor, Fu'ad Arif, STPI Bina Insan Mulia Yogyakarta (Indonesia)
Noor, Fu`ad Arif, STPI Bina Insan Mulia Yogyakarta (Indonesia)
Nugraheni, Yumidiana Tya, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Indonesia)
Nugroho, Muhammad Arief, IAIN Kudus (Indonesia)
Nugroho, Puspo, (Google Scholar). STAIN Kudus, Jawa Tengah (Indonesia)
Nugroho, Puspo, IAIN Kudus (Indonesia)
Nur, Farihin, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Syekh Nurjati, Cirebon (Indonesia)
Nuridin, Nuridin, Universitas Islam Sultan Agung (Indonesia)
Nursikin, Mukh (Indonesia)

P

Partono, Partono, Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Kudus (Indonesia)
Ponoharjo, Ponoharjo, Universitas Pancasakti Tegal
Prastowo, Andi, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta
Pratomo, Doni
Prayitno, Harun Joko, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Surakarta (Indonesia)
Prayitno, Prima
Priyono, Priyono
Purnawanto, Ahmad Teguh, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Surakarta (Indonesia)
Purwanto, Agus, Universitas Pelita Harapan (Indonesia)
Purwanto, Purwanto, Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Mas Said, Surakarta, Indonesia (Indonesia)
Puspita, Fulan (Indonesia)

Q

Qadam, Izah Ulya (Indonesia)

R

Rachman, Fatchur, UIN Prof. KH. Saifuddin Zuhri Purwokerto (Indonesia)
Rahayu, Adi
Rahayu, Rofita (Indonesia)
Rahmah, Fifi Nofia, IAIN Kudus (Indonesia)
Rahman, Syaiful (Indonesia)
Rahmawati, Ruchaini Fitri, STAIN Kudus (Indonesia)
Rahmawati, Rukhaini Fitri, (ID Scopus: 57217181561), Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus (Indonesia)
Rahmawati, Tri, SMPN 1 Juwana Pati (Indonesia)
Retnanto, Agus, Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri (STAIN) Kudus (Indonesia)
Retnanto, Agus
Risnawati, Rini (Indonesia)
Risnawita, Rini, Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri (STAIN) Kediri (Indonesia)
Rochmatin, Siti, SMP N 6 Salatiga (Indonesia)
Rofiq, Mohammad (Indonesia)
Rohadi, Tedi, IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon
Roinah, Roinah, STAIN BENGKALIS (Indonesia)
Rois, Taufikul Lutfi, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus, Kudus (Indonesia)
Rokhman, Wahibur (Indonesia)
Rokhmiyati, Sri, IAIN Salatiga (Indonesia)
Romadhon, Romadhon (Indonesia)
Rosadi, Anwar, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung (Indonesia)
Rosyadi, Mokh Imron, ftik iain pekalongan (Indonesia)
Rosyid, Moh, STAIN Kudus
Rosyid, Moh.
Rosyid, Moh., Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri (STAIN) Kudus (Indonesia)
Rozaq, Abdul, Universitas Islam Nahdlatul Ulama, Jepara (Indonesia)

S

Sa’dun, Sa’dun
Sadriah, Sadriah, Antasari State Islamic University Banjarmasin (Indonesia)
Said, Nur (Indonesia)
Salamah, Nur, IAIN Kudus (Indonesia)
Santoso, Intan Siska (Indonesia)
Santoso, Nika Lucky (Indonesia)
Santoso, Priyono Budi (Indonesia)
Saputra, Cefrian Rilasada, Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Mas Said, Surakarta (Indonesia)
Sayekti, Fatma Puri, STAIN Kediri
Sein, Lau Han (Indonesia)
Sekarinasih, Anggitiyas
Sesmiarni, Zulfani (Indonesia)
Setiawan, Ade, STAI Darul Qur’an Payakumbuh (Indonesia)
Setiawan, Agus (Indonesia)
Shifwah, Naila, Pascasarjana, IAIN Kudus (Indonesia)
Shobirin, Muhammad, Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Kudus (Indonesia)
Shofwani, Siti Aniqoh, STIE Semarang (Indonesia)
Sholihuddin, Moh. (Indonesia)
Shomad, Abdul
Sidabutar, Janpristiwandi, Pascasarjana Universitas Islam Nusantara, Bandung (Indonesia)
Silfiyah, Khoirotus, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Sunan Giri, Bojonegoro (Indonesia)
Soleh, Ridwan M, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (Indonesia)
Subaidi, Subaidi, Universitas Islam Nahdatul Ulama (UNISNU), Jepara (Indonesia)
Suharto, Toto, Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Mas Said, Surakarta, Indonesia (Indonesia)
Sujud, Rahadian, Universitas Negeri Jakarta (Indonesia)
Sukamto, Sukamto, Pascasarjana Universitas Islam Nusantara, Bandung (Indonesia)
sulthon, Sulthon
Sumadi, Eko, IAIN Kudus (Indonesia)
Suminta, Rini Risnawita, STAIN Kediri
Suminta, Rini Risnawita
Sunarko, Agus
Surur, Agus Miftakus (Indonesia)
Sutikat, Sutikat, Kementerian Agama Kudus
sutopo, Sutopo
Sutrisno, Sutrisno (Indonesia)
Swastika, Yasinta Indra (Indonesia)
Syahidin, Syahidin (Indonesia)
Syaifuddin, Irham
Syamsi, Atikah, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Syekh Nurjati, Cirebon (Indonesia)
Syari'ah, Atiris, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang (Indonesia)
Syarifah, Nur Laila, Pascasarjana IAIN Kudus (Indonesia)

T

Tajuddin, Muhtar (Indonesia)
Tamwifi, Irfan (Indonesia)
Taufik, Ahmad, Intitut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus (Indonesia)
Taye, Ainham, Tadika School, Pattani (Thailand)
Tsuroya, Nabeela Himmatus (Indonesia)

U

Ulya, Inayatul, Institut Pesantren Mathali’ul Falah Pati
Ulyani, Himmatul, Yayasan Asy'ariyah Jepara (Indonesia)
Utami, Ratnasari Diah (Indonesia)
Utami, Wikan Budi, Universitas Pancasakti Tegal (Indonesia)
Utomo, Erry (Indonesia)
Utomo, Lukito Lebdo (Indonesia)

V

Vestia, Etika, STAI Darul Qur’an Payakumbuh (Indonesia)

W

Wahid, Abdul (Indonesia)
Wibowo, Adi (Indonesia)
Widhyahrini, Khusna, IAIN Salatiga (Indonesia)
Wijayanti, Laksmi Mayesti, Universitas Pelita Harapan (Indonesia)
Wiyani, Novan Ardy, UIN Prof. KH. Saifuddin Zuhri, Purwokerto (Indonesia)

Y

Yanto, Murni, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Curup (Indonesia)
Yuliani, Yuliani, Antasari State Islamic University Banjarmasin (Indonesia)
Yuliatun, Yuliatun, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus, Kudus (Indonesia)
Yusniawati, Yusniawati, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus (Indonesia)
Yusuf, Ahmad (Indonesia)
Yusuf, Wiwin Fachrudin, Universitas Yudharta Pasuruan (Indonesia)

Z

Zahrah, Zahrah, Antasari State Islamic University Banjarmasin (Indonesia)
Zainiyati, Husniyatus Salamah (Indonesia)
Zainuri, Ahmad (Indonesia)
Zakir, Supratman (Indonesia)
Zaman, Badrus (Indonesia)
Zaman, Wahyu Khoiruz, Fakultas Dakwah dan Komunikasi Islam, IAIN Kudus (Indonesia)
Zamhari, Muhammad
Zhafiroh, Salma, IAIN SALATIGA (Indonesia)
Zuhri, Achmad, STAIN Kudus
Zuhri, Achmad, UIN Siber Syekh Nurjati Cirebon (Indonesia)
Zuhri, Muhammad Minan (Indonesia)
Zulaiha, Siti, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Curup (Indonesia)