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Online Hate Among Adolescents: Patterns, Risks, and Interventions Through Digital Literacy, Family, and School Approaches A Systematic Review

Nila Zaimatus Septiana, Nanda Istiqomah, Khairul Bariyyah, Laily Tiarani Soejanto, Santy Andrianie, Dwi Sri Rahayu

Abstract

This systematic review aims to identify patterns of online hate among adolescents, examine the associated risk factors, and evaluate the effectiveness of intervention strategies, particularly those based on digital literacy, family engagement, and school-based programs. The rise of online hate has become a serious concern for adolescent mental health and social development in the digital era. Following the PRISMA and PICO frameworks, a total of 247 studies were identified, of which 38 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed qualitatively. The reviewed studies, published between 2018 and 2025, indicate that adolescents are increasingly exposed to hate speech, cyberbullying, and discriminatory content, with vulnerable groups—such as women, immigrants, and individuals with prior experiences of violence—being at higher risk of victimization. Furthermore, low empathy and moral disengagement were consistently found to contribute to both the perpetration and victimization of online hate. The findings reveal that digital literacy training, family-based communication, and school-centered empathy education are among the most effective interventions. In conclusion, a multilevel preventive approach that integrates educational, familial, and community strategies is essential to mitigate the adverse effects of online hate and promote adolescent well-being.

Keywords

Adolescent, Online Hate, Risk Factors, Intervention strategies, Systematic Review

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DOI: 10.21043/kr.v16i1.32816