Illocutionary Acts in Main Character’s Dialogue of “Maleficent: Mistress of Evil” Movie

The aims of the article are to find out: 1) kinds of illocutionary acts which are produced by the main characters in “Maleficent: Mistress of Evil” movie, and 2) the most dominant illocutionary acts. In analyzing the data, the authors used descriptive qualitative method. The object of this study was main character’s dialogue of “Maleficent: Mistress of Evil” movie. The authors did these following steps: watched the movie, found the transcript, identified the dialogues of main character, classified them using Searle’s theory, and interpreted the meaning of utterances. Here are 52 utterances with illocutionary acts. The results were: 1) Representative (assertive) (65%), 2) Directive (19%), 3) Expressive (8%), 4) Commissive (6%), and 5) Declarative (2%) in scale of 100%. Representative (assertive) was the most dominant. This study can be a reference for learning pragmatics, especially illocutionary acts. The teachers can also use movie as speech acts teaching media.


Introduction
states that Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). It has consequently more to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by themselves.
Studying language through Pragmatics has some advantages, such as the learners can discuss about people's intended meanings, their assumptions, their purpose, and the kinds of action that performed when they speak. Pragmatics is also used to learn about the use of language in social condition by human communication. The study of Pragmatics as a branch of Linguistics has some principles. According to Liu (2014), there are some aspects of language studied in Pragmatics.
Deixis: meaning "pointing to" something. In verbal communication however, Deixis in its narrow sense refers to the contextual meaning of pronouns; and in its broad sense, what the speaker means by a particular utterance in each speech context. Pre-supposition: referring to the logical meaning of a sentence or meanings logically associated with or entailed by a sentence. Performative: implying that by each utterance a speaker not only says something but also does certain things: given information, stating a fect or hiting an attitude. The study of performative led to the hypothesis of Speech Acts Theory that holds that a speech event embodies three acts: a Locutionary Act, an Illocutionary Act, and a Perlocutionary Act (Austin, 1962). Implicature: referring to an indirect or implicit meaning of utterance derived from context that is not present from its conventional use.
Pragmatics is the study of utterance meaning. It focuses on the meaning on speaker's utterance rather than on the meaning of words or sentences. It can be said that pragmatics is study about language usage, meaning, and context of utterances both speaker and hearer in communication. Speech acts usually perform an action. According to Austin (1962), he classifies speech act into three types: Locutionary Acts, Illocutionary Acts, and Perlocutionary Acts. Furthermore, according to Searle (1985), he states that the speech act is the basic unit of communication. Speech act is the part of communication. It is the act of saying or doing something that is concerned in meaning, use and action. Austin (1962) explains three classify of Speech Act as citied by Abdulla (2011), such as; the Locutionary Act (the act of saying something with a certain sense and reference. It is a basic utterance meaningful linguistics expression), the Illocutionary Act (the act performed in saying something, for instance the act named and identified by the explicit Performative verb. For example, make a statement of command, suggest, or some other communicative purpose), and the Perlocutionary Act (the act performed by, or because of, saying something. It can be called as effect of the utterances of the speaker) The central hypothesis of Scarle's book can now be formulated as follows: speech acts are acts characteristically performed by uttering expression in accordance with certain constitutive rule. Austin (1962), as quoted by Rahayu, Arifin, & Ariani (2018), Illocutionary Act is the act of doing something. According to Searle (1985), Illocutionary Act is divided into five categories. They are; Representative ((assertive) is kind of speech act that the speaker believes to be the case or nor which means words fit the world. In other words, speaker believes There is more detail classification of five categories as quoted by Vanderveken (1990) compliment, praise, laud, extol, plaudit, applaud, acclaim, brag, boast, complain, disapprove, blame, reprove, deplore, protest, grieve, mourn, lament, rejoice, cheer, boo, condole, congratulate, thank, apologize, greet, and welcome).
Movie or film is one of art forms. Movie has visual elements which give motion pictures. According to Graham in Rukamanasari (2012), film/movie has advantages as a method of recording real people and historical events, and largely values as such. Today, many movies are made by human's imagination or fiction.
Some of movie productions become popular worldwide entertainment. One of the important aspects mostly appeared in movie is the dialogue (conversation) among the characters. The characters speak each other and there will be illocutionary act.
To ease the viewers to understand what the speakers say, a movie usually provides subtitles. Movies provide an excellent vehicle for educational purposes. Movies can be good authentic learning materials for listening skill, because they contain dialogues from highly proficient English speakers, which could contribute to an easier understanding of their pronunciation. Film/movie can be used just as effectively for analyzing speakers' language, specifically pragmatic aspects of language, because films can provide the type of discourse-length. In other words, films may be an ideal medium for teaching students about pragmatic strategies, both for learning and as a springboard for language use (Cohen, 2005;Tatsuki & Nishizawa in Abrams, (2014).

Method
In this study, the authors used descriptive qualitative research method. According to Susanto (2014) , qualitative research method is a research method that is developed in social science to enable researcher to study social and cultural phenomena. Creswell (2009) states that the data that emerge from qualitative study are descriptive. It means that the result of descriptive qualitative study does not show in statistic procedures by analyzing the data, but it presents in description. It is because the data are collected in words and pictures. In a qualitative study, the researchers make explanation to analyze and present what have been found. In this study, the authors collected the data of the main character's dialogues found in "Maleficent: Mistress of Evil" movie. The next, they described, analyzed, and classified in part of illocutionary acts using descriptive method.

Result
Based on the objectives of the study, here is the result. On the other hand, Directive can be found in 10 utterances. It can be realized in form of ordering, asking, commanding, requiring, and forbidding. The speaker wants the hearer to do something by using asking as showed in utterance: "How's this?" Then speaker command the hearer to do something by using of commanding as presented in utterance like: "Aurora, We go home now!" Commissive was realized because the speaker commits, promises, offers, threating, and rejects to the hearer. The speaker realized in form of threating as showed in utterance: "Contain the animal or I will." Then it can be realized in form of promising. The speaker promises to the hearer that she will protect the dark fey and Moors still alive and peace and as showed by using promising in utterance: "I could protect them." Commissive is in the fourth position with percentages out of 6%. Maleficent used these types of illocutionary acts because she wanted to perform an action in the future. It consisted of 3 utterances; they were 2 utterances of Promising and 1 utterance of Threating. The last is Declarative with only 2% percentages of 100%.
Maleficent used these kinds of Illocutionary Acts because she wanted to make sure about her discussion with the hearer or change the situation. In this movie, Maleficent only uses 1 utterance (2%) kind of illocutionary acts that belong to declarative; there was Appointing.

Conclusion
The objectives of the study were: 1) to find out the kinds of illocutionary acts which are produced by the main characters in Maleficent: Mistress of Evil movie, 2) to get the most dominant Illocutionary Acts realized on the main character's dialogue in "Maleficent: Mistress of Evil" movie. Based on the result and discussion above, there were five kinds of illocutionary acts found in 52 maleficent utterances. They were: 1) Representative (65%), 2) Directive (19%), 3) Expressive (8%), 4) Commissive (6%), and 5) Declarative (2%). Between those five kinds of illocutionary acts found in Maleficent's utterances, Representative (assertive) was the most dominant used with 65%.