Mulla Sadra's Realism on The Principle of Ittihad al-'Aqil wa al-Ma'qul: A Response to Modern Realism

Kholid Al Walid

Abstract


This article attempts to show Mulla Sadra’s model of realism by tracing it through his philosophical principles, especially the principle of Ittihad 'Aqil wa Ma'qul (subject-object unity). Furthermore, the study of the Sadra realism model, which is based on the principle of Ittihad 'Aqil wa Ma'qul, is presented to respond to fundamental epistemic-ontological issues, namely the relationship between the subject’s consciousness and external objects, in order to strengthen belief in the nature and existence of external reality, which is independent of contamination of the subject's mental decisions (mind-independent reality). How does the subject's consciousness relate to external objects? This problem is still an anxiety and has not been resolved by modern philosophers who focus on the discourse of perception, giving rise to various schools of realism, which are represented by two major schools: direct realism and indirect realism. By overcoming these epistemic problems, ultimately, this effort leads to the confirmation of Mulla Sadra's more original and comprehensive model of realism. This paper is attempted using a critical-analytical method, namely analyzing Mulla Sadra's philosophical ideas on the Ittihad 'Aqil wa Ma'qul principles and the views of modern realism by focusing on the issue of perception. The conclusions drawn from the results of the analysis of the Ittihad 'Aqil wa Ma'qul were used as a basis for responding to modern realism as well as an affirmation of Mulla Sadra's style of realism.

Keywords


Ittihad'Aqil wa Ma'qul, Realism, Sadra

Full Text:

PDF

References


Alai, Mario. 2023. “Scientific Realism, Metaphysical Antirealism and the No Miracle Arguments.” Foundations of Science 28(1):377–400. doi: 10.1007/s10699-020-09691-z.

Amuli, H. Z. 1375. Ittihod Oqile Beh Ma’qul. Qom: Intisyarate Qiyom.

Azi̇z, M. Abdul. 2023. “The Philosophical Foundation of Western Higher Education: A Critical Review of Theory and Practice.” International Journal of Educational Research Review 8(2):208–19. doi: 10.24331/ijere.1238148.

Boge, Florian J. 2023. “The Positive Argument Against Scientific Realism.” Journal for General Philosophy of Science. doi: 10.1007/s10838-022-09636-z.

Bunge, Mario. 2006. Chasing Reality; Strive Over Realism. Toronto: Toronto University Press.

Bunin, N., and Y. Jiyuan. 2004. The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy. New Jersey: Blackwell.

Foster, J. 2000. The Nature of Perception. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hajmohamadi, Hosein. 2020. “A Review of Subject-Object Dualism and Its Impact on the Theories of Meaning in Social Sciences in the Light of Sadraian Theosophy.” Journal of Hikmat-e-Islami 6(23):65–88.

Hamdani, Basrir. 2016. “Modus Realisme Berdasarkan Teori Persepsi I’tibariyat Thabathabai.” Dissertation, Al-Mustafa International University, Jakarta.

Herman, Sebastian, and Mohd Mahyudi bin Mohd Yusop. 2021. “Revisiting An Islamic Approach to Humanities: A Critical Review.” AL-FALAH : Journal of Islamic Economics 6(1):1–18. doi: 10.29240/alfalah.v6i1.2904.

Hirst, R. J. 2006. “Realism” edited by D. M. Boschert. The Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Lewis, C. I. 1913. “Realism and Subjectivism.” The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods 10(2):43–49. doi: 10.2307/2013354.

Morgan, Jamie. 2013. “Reality Without Disjoints.” Journal of Critical Realism 12(2):244–54. doi: 10.1179/rea.12.2.e50911h858r55422.

Muthahari, Murtadha. 2003. Syarh Manzhumat Al-Hikmah. Beirut: Muassasat al-Qura.

Norwich, Brahm. 2019. “Thinking about the Nature of Educational Research: Going beyond Superficial Theoretical Scripts.” Review of Education 8(1):242–62. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.3182.

Qunawi, Shadruddin. 1362. Risalat Al-Nushus. Tehran: Markaze Nashr Donesgohi.

Razi, Fakhruddin. 1411. Mabahits Al-Masyriqiyat. Qom: Intisyorote Bidor.

Sadra, Mulla. 1410. Al-Hikmah al-Muta’aliyah Fi al-Asfar al-‘Aqliyah al-Arba’Ah. Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Turats al-Arabi.

Shamsaei, Maryam, and Abdollah Gholami. 2021. “Exploring the Epistemological Tools and Sources of Science and Religion.” Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences 7(2):93–104. doi: 10.30476/tips.2021.90960.1093.

Siegemund, Axel. 2020. “Arguments Against Realism and the Transcendence of Science.” Theology Today 77(1):63–75. doi: 10.1177/0040573620902411.

Sina, Ibn. 1375. Isyarat Wa Al-Tanbihat. Qom: Nashr Balaghah.

Smith, Norman. 1908. “Subjectivism and Realism in Modern Philosophy.” Philosophical Review 17(2):138–48. doi: 10.2307/2177394.

Sudarminta, J. 2002. Epistemologi Dasar. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.

Thabathabai, Muhammad Husain. 1415. Bidayat Al-Hikmat. Qom: Muasasat Nashr al-Islami.

Thabathabai, Muhammad Husain, and Murtadha Muthahari. 1418. Ushul-i Falsafeh va Ravishe Ri’alism. Iraq: Muassasah ’Iraqiyah.

Titus, Harold. 1984. Living Issues in Philosophy. Jakarta: Bulan Bintang.

Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1922. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. London: Routledge.

Yazdi, Mehdi Hairi. 1992. The Principles of Epistemology in Islamic Philosophy: Knowledge by Presence. Jakarta: Mizan.

Yazdi, Muhammad Taqi Misbah. 1409. Manhaj Al-Jadid Fi Ta’lim al-Falsafah. Qom: Muasasat Nashr al-Islami.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/fikrah.v11i2.23062

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2023 FIKRAH

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.



Fikrah: Jurnal Ilmu Aqidah dan Studi Keagamaan is published by

Prodi Aqidah dan Filsafat Islam IAIN Kudus incorporate with

Asosiasi Aqidah dan Filsafat Islam.

Jl. Conge Ngembalrejo Bae Kudus Po Box. 51
Phone: +6282331050629
Website: http://journal.stainkudus.ac.id/index.php/fikrah
Email: [email protected]

ISSN: 2354-6174 | EISSN: 2476-9649

Creative Commons License
Fikrah Jurnal Ilmu Aqidah dan Studi Keagamaan by Prodi Aqidah dan Filsafat Islam Fakultas Ushuluddin IAIN Kudus is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.