Exploring the Therapy of Islamic Psychology, Mindfulness and Gratitude Emotion in Harmonising Islamophobic Behaviour

Jamaliah Jamil, Idris Ali

Abstract


Technology and social media have become an indispensable part of our lives, affecting our households in various ways. Unfortunately, this has resulted in significant psychological and emotional disturbances. One of the negative outcomes of this is the prevalent Islamophobic behaviour towards Muslims, regardless of their citizenship. This behaviour is further amplified by the rapid spread of such sentiments on social media platforms.  This article seeks to delve into the secular and Islamic perspectives on the history and approach of human psychology, examining the overwhelmed phenomenon of Islamophobia. It begins by defining the psychological concept from both Western-secular and Islamic perspectives, comparing the two ideas with past historical events. The final part of the article explores how the artificial intelligence era has impacted both Western and Eastern populations, highlighting the psychological impact of Islamophobia. The article suggests that psychologists should undertake a comprehensive study to improve psychological therapy, such as Religious-Integrative Cognitive-Behavioral therapy. This form of therapy incorporates prayer, mindfulness, and gratitude scales to help reduce the western service provider violence behaviour caused by Islamophobia mental-illness. This study provides a unique intellectual discourse on Islamophobia’s psychological treatment, which is currently underrepresented in mainstream academic literature.


Keywords


Psychology, Social Anxiety Disorders, Islam & Secular Psychology, Islamophobia, Gratitude, Mindfulness

Full Text:

PDF

References


Al-Quran (1450). Allah final scripture to mankind sent to Prophet Muhammad PBUH (Revealed in 22 years via Angel Jibril). Translation available at URL https://myislam.org and http: https://quran.com.

Abbas, R. (2021). The Rise of Global Islamophobia and the Uyghur Genocide. Brown J. World Aff., 28, 155.

Abdullah, F. (2011). Human Behavior from an Islamic Perspective: Interaction of Nature, Nurture, and the Spiritual Dimension. American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 28(2), 86-105.

Abu-Raiya, H. (2014). Western psychology and Muslim psychology in dialogue: Comparisons between a Qura’nic theory of personality and Freud’s and Jung’s ideas. Journal of religion and health, 53(2), 326-338.

Ad‐Dab'bagh, Y. (2017). Islamophobia: Prejudice, the psychological skin of the self and large‐group dynamics. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 14(3), 173-182.

Akyildiz, S. H. (2021). Elizabeth Drayson, 2018, The Moor's Last Stand: How Seven Centuries of Muslim Rule in Spain Came to an End. Vakanüvis-Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(2), 948-952.

Al-Karam, C. Y. (2018). Islamic psychology: Towards a 21st century definition and conceptual framework. Journal of Islamic Ethics, 2(1-2), 97-109.

Alexander, B. K., & Shelton, C. P. (2014). A history of psychology in Western civilization: Cambridge University Press.

Ali, M., Iqbal, Z., & ud Din, J. (2022). ISLAMOPHOBIA IN CANADA: THE ROLE OF CANADIAN NEWSPAPERS IN SHAPING ATTITUDES TOWARDS ISLAM AND MUSLIMS. Pakistan Journal of Social Research, 4(1), 637-645.

Ali, R. (2020). Perceived Islamophobia and Psychological Distress among Muslim Immigrants in Canada: The Moderating Role of Group Identification. Walden University,

Alladin, A. (2015). Integrative CBT for anxiety disorders: An evidence-based approach to enhancing cognitive behavioural therapy with mindfulness and hypnotherapy: John Wiley & Sons.

Allen, C. (2017). Political approaches to tackling Islamophobia: An ‘insider/outsider’analysis of the British Coalition Government’s approach between 2010–15. Social Sciences, 6(3), 77.

Allen, S. (2018). The science of gratitude: John Templeton Foundation Conshohocken, PA.

Alrababah, A., Marble, W., Mousa, S., & Siegel, A. (2019). Can exposure to celebrities reduce prejudice? The effect of Mohamed Salah on Islamophobic behaviors and attitudes.

Anderson, L., Shahbazi, S., & Abid, M. (2021). The Islamophobia Index: Exploring the Challenges in Establishing Reliability for a Content Analysis Instrument Evaluating Islamophobia in Media Texts. Islamophobia Studies Journal, 6(2), 182-206.

Arigita, E., & Galián, L. (2023). Moriscos-Andalusíes. Reparative Citizenship for Sephardi Descendants: Returning to the Jewish Past in Spain and Portugal, 16, 165.

Association, A. P. (2018). Mental Health Disparities: Muslim Americans. Psychiatry. Org, 1-6.

Awaad, R., Nursoy-Demir, M., Khalil, A., & Helal, H. (2023). Islamic Civilizations and Plagues: The Role of Religion, Faith and Psychology During Pandemics. Journal of religion and health, 62(2), 1379-1393.

Badri, M. (2018). Contemplation:: An Islamic Psychospiritual Study (New Edition): International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT).

Badri, M. (2020). The Islamization of psychology: Its “why”, its “what”, its “how” and its “who”. International Journal of Islamic Psychology, 3(01), 22-33.

Baer, R. A., & Lykins, E. (2011). Mindfulness and positive psychological functioning. Designing positive psychology: Taking stock and moving forward, 335-348.

Bakali, N. (2021). Islamophobia in Myanmar: the Rohingya genocide and the ‘war on terror’. Race & Class, 62(4), 53-71.

Bazian, H. (2015). Islamophobia and “The Three Evils of Society”. Islamophobia Studies Journal.

Belzen, J. A. (2010). Towards cultural psychology of religion: Principles, approaches, applications: Springer.

Beshai, S., Clark, C. M., & Dobson, K. S. (2013). Conceptual and pragmatic considerations in the use of cognitive-behavioral therapy with Muslim clients. Cognitive therapy and research, 37(1), 197-206.

Bhat, A. M. (2016). Human psychology (fitrah) from Islamic perspective. International Journal of Nusantara Islam, 4(2), 61-74.

Bleich, E. (2011). What is Islamophobia and how much is there? Theorizing and measuring an emerging comparative concept. American behavioral scientist, 55(12), 1581-1600.

Bögels, S. M., Sijbers, G., & Voncken, M. (2006). Mindfulness and task concentration training for social phobia: A pilot study. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 20(1), 33-44.

Boring, E. G. (1929). The psychology of controversy. Psychological Review, 36(2), 97.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.

Bresheeth, H. (2018). The Israel Lobby, Islamophobia and Judeophobia in Contemporary Europe and Beyond: Myths and Realities. Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies, 17(2), 193-220.

Brink, T. (2011). A Student Friendly Approach: ÒUnit 13: Social PsychologyÓ. In: The Saylor Foundation.

Brown, K. W. (2015). Mindfulness training to enhance positive functioning. Handbook of mindfulness: Theory, research, and practice, 311-325.

Buehler, A. F. (2011). Islamophobia: A projection of the west's' dark side'. ICR Journal, 2(4), 639-653.

Çaksu, A. (2020). Islamophobia, Chinese style: Total internment of Uyghur Muslims by the people's Republic of China. Islamophobia Studies Journal.

Cayoun, B. A. (2017). The purpose, mechanisms, and benefits of cultivating ethics in Mindfulness-Integrated Cognitive Behavior Therapy. Practitioner's Guide to Ethics and Mindfulness-Based Interventions, 163-192.

Chandio, A. R. The house of wisdom (Bait Al-Hikmah): A sign of glorious period of Abbasids caliphate and development of science.

Chong, S. F. (2016). “Can Allah and Tuhan not be One?”: Overcoming Issues and Challenges of Muslim-Christian Relations Among Malaysian Bumiputera Christians.”. Intercultural Theologies & Intercultural Communication in World Christianity, Spring.

Chua, L. (2022). “If God Is with Us, Who Can Be against Us?” Christianity, Cosmopolitics, and Living with Difference in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Current Anthropology, 63(6), 714-736.

Civantos, C. (2017). The Afterlife of al-Andalus: Muslim Iberia in Contemporary Arab and Hispanic Narratives: Suny Press.

Colman, A. M. (2018). Companion Encyclopedia of Psychology: Volume One: Routledge.

Cucchi, A. (2022). Integrating cognitive behavioural and Islamic principles in psychology and psychotherapy: a narrative review. Journal of religion and health, 61(6), 4849-4870.

Danziger, K. (2013). Psychology and its history. Theory & Psychology, 23(6), 829-839.

Dawood, M. S. THE ROLE OF MIND AND INNATENESS (FITRAH) IN PROVING THE ISLAMIC FAITH.

Dueck, A., Ansloos, J., Johnson, A., & Fort, C. (2017). Western cultural psychology of religion: Alternatives to ideology. Pastoral Psychology, 66(3), 397-425.

Dunn, K. M., Diallo, T. M., & Sharples, R. (2021). Segmenting anti-Muslim sentiment in Australia: Insights for the diverse project of countering Islamophobia. Ethnicities, 21(3), 538-562.

Edvardsson, L. (2009). Islamophobia–Features of Islamophobia and Strategies against it. In: Malmö högskola/IMER.

Elosúa, M. R. (2015). The influence of gratitude in physical, psychological, and spiritual well-being. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 17(2), 110-118.

Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: an experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of personality and social psychology, 84(2), 377.

Emmons, R. A., & Stern, R. (2013). Gratitude as a psychotherapeutic intervention. Journal of clinical psychology, 69(8), 846-855.

Falb, M. D., & Pargament, K. I. (2014). Religion, spirituality, and positive psychology: Strengthening well-being. Perspectives on the intersection of multiculturalism and positive psychology, 143-157.

Faliq, A. (2010). Islamophobia and anti-Muslim hatred: causes and remedies. The Cordoba Foundation: Cultures in Dialogue, 4(7), 1-12.

Fink, S. (2014). Fear under construction: Islamophobia within American Christian zionism. Islamophobia Studies Journal.

Fitria, R., & Ari Wibowo, N. (2021). Interfaith Dialogue, Social Interaction, and Islamophobia Solution in Talang Benuang Village, Bengkulu, Indonesia. PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 18(4), 2061-2079.

Foroozanfar, A. (2020). Positive Psychology and the Qur'an: A Comparative Study of the Constructs of Hope, Resilience, and Forgiveness. Iranian Evolutionary and Educational Psychology Journal, 2(3), 208-224.

Furmark, T. (2002). Social phobia: overview of community surveys. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 105(2), 84-93.

Gergen, K. J., Gulerce, A., Lock, A., & Misra, G. (1996). Psychological science in cultural context. American Psychologist, 51(5), 496.

Ghosh, A., & Deb, A. (2017). Positive psychology interventions for chronic physical illnesses: A systematic review. Psychological Studies, 62, 213-232.

Ghuman, M. (2015). An Examination of the Moderating Effect of Intergroup Anxiety on the Relationship between Intergroup Contact and Islamophobia.

Goldin, P., Ziv, M., Jazaieri, H., & Gross, J. J. (2012). Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction versus aerobic exercise: effects on the self-referential brain network in social anxiety disorder. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 6, 295.

Gorinelli, S., Gallego, A., Lappalainen, P., & Lappalainen, R. (2022). Psychological Processes in the Social Interaction and Communication Anxiety of University Students: The Role of Self-Compassion and Psychological Flexibility. International journal of psychology and psychological therapy, 22(1).

Green, P. (2013). Islamophobia: Burma’s racist fault-line. Race & Class, 55(2), 93-98.

Grosfoguel, R. (2012). The multiple faces of Islamophobia. Islamophobia Studies Journal.

Han, S. Y. (2017). Islamophobia in South Korea with a focus on Muslim migrants.

Haque, A. (2004). Psychology from Islamic perspective: Contributions of early Muslim scholars and challenges to contemporary Muslim psychologists. Journal of religion and health, 43(4), 357-377.

Haque, A. (2018). Psychology from an Islamic perspective. Global Psychologies: Mental Health and the Global South, 137-150.

Haque, A., Khan, F., Keshavarzi, H., & Rothman, A. E. (2016). Integrating Islamic traditions in modern psychology: Research trends in last ten years. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 10(1).

Haque, M. (2020). A future for the Rohingya in Myanmar. In The Rohingya Crisis (pp. 52-78): Routledge India.

Hargreaves, J. (2016). Islamophobia: reality or myth? : Lancaster University (United Kingdom).

Heidbreder, E. (1933). Seven psychologies.

Hodge, D. R., & Nadir, A. (2008). Moving toward culturally competent practice with Muslims: Modifying cognitive therapy with Islamic tenets. Social work, 53(1), 31-41.

Hopkins, P. (2020). Social geography II: Islamophobia, transphobia, and sizism. Progress in Human Geography, 44(3), 583-594.

Hussain, S., Usman, A., Habiba, U., Amjad, A., & Amjad, U. (2019). Hate crimes against muslims and increasing islamophobia in india. Journal of Indian Studies, 5(1), 7-15.

Iner, D., Briskman, L., Krayem, G., Latham, S., Matthews, Z., Pearson, C., . . . Zayied, I. (2017). Islamophobia in Australia 2014-2016.

Iner, D., Mason, R., & Smith, C. (2023). Islamophobia in Australia Report-IV (2014-2021).

Inomovna, K. N. (2022). Principles of Educational Psychology and Pedagogy. Spanish Journal of Innovation and Integrity, 5, 191-193.

Ipser, J. C., Stein, D. J., Hawkridge, S., & Hoppe, L. (2010). Cochrane Review: Pharmacotherapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Evidence‐Based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal, 5(2), 555-628.

Iqbal, Z. (2010). Understanding Islamophobia: Conceptualizing and measuring the construct. European Journal of Social Sciences, 13(4), 574-590.

Itagaki, R. (2015). The anatomy of Korea-phobia in Japan. Japanese Studies, 35(1), 49-66.

Ivtzan, I., Young, T., Martman, J., Jeffrey, A., Lomas, T., Hart, R., & Eiroa-Orosa, F. J. (2016). Integrating mindfulness into positive psychology: A randomised controlled trial of an online positive mindfulness program. Mindfulness, 7, 1396-1407.

Jamil, J., & Rahim, Z. A. (2022). The Systematic Review of Intellectual Discourse Between Islamic Hospitality and Western Hospitality Philosophy. Co-Editors, 303.

Johnson, E. L., & Jones, S. L. (2000). A history of Christians in psychology. Psychology & Christianity, 11-53.

Joshanloo, M. (2013). A comparison of Western and Islamic conceptions of happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(6), 1857-1874.

Kemp, H. V. (1982). The tension between psychology and theology: The etymological roots. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 10(2), 105-112.

Keshavarzi, H., & Ali, B. (2019). Islamic perspectives on psychological and spiritual well-being and treatment. Islamophobia and psychiatry: Recognition, prevention, and treatment, 41-53.

Khan, M. M. (2016). Is a Clash between Islam and the West inevitable. Strategic Studies, 36(2), 1-23.

Khan, R. K. A. W. (2015). An interview with Professor Malik Badri about his contributions to the Islamisation of psychology. Intellectual Discourse, 23(1).

Khatoon, Y., Singh, S., & Singh, U. (2021). A Human Right Violation in China: Uyghur Muslims Case Study. Issue 2 Int'l JL Mgmt. & Human., 4, 1414.

Kim, Y. T. (2004). A Christian counseling model: Christian psychology perspective. Torch Trinity Journal, 7, 237-254.

Kunnummal, A. (2022). Islamophobia Studies in India. Islamophobia Studies Journal, 7(1), 25-44.

Kunst, J. R., Sam, D. L., & Ulleberg, P. (2013). Perceived islamophobia: Scale development and validation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37(2), 225-237.

Kuper, A. (2004). The social science encyclopedia: Routledge.

Kyaw, N. N. (2015). Alienation, discrimination, and securitization: Legal personhood and cultural personhood of Muslims in Myanmar. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 13(4), 50-59.

Lampert, J. M. (2019). Exploration of Atheism as a Diversity Issue and its Implications for Best Practice in Psychotherapy: Trajectories and Strengths.

Laruelle, M. (2016). How Islam Will Change Russia. The Jamestown Foundation, 13(09), 2016.

Laruelle, M., & Yudina, N. (2018). Islamophobia in Russia: Trends and Societal Context. Religion and Violence in Russia: Context, Manifestations, and Policy, 43-63.

Lebourg, N. (2016). Islamophobia in France. Occasion.

Lim, R. (2013). Islamization and ethnicity in Sabah, Malaysia. Encountering Islam: The politics of religious identities in Southeast Asia, 158-187.

Long, A. S. (2022). Promoting positive peace via inter religious dialogue: bridging understanding among Muslims and Non-Muslims.

Macfarlane, J. (2020). Positive psychology: gratitude and its role within mental health nursing. British Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 9(1), 19-30.

Mahr, F., McLachlan, N., Friedberg, R. D., Mahr, S., & Pearl, A. M. (2015). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of a second-generation child of Pakistani descent: Ethnocultural and clinical considerations. Clinical child psychology and psychiatry, 20(1), 134-147.

Malaysia, P. K. Malaysia Racial Discrimination Report 2015. In.

Meer, N., & Modood, T. (2008). On conceptualizing Islamophobia, anti-Muslim sentiment and cultural racism. Thinking Thru’Islamophobia, 34.

Meri, J. (2017). Jewish-MuslimRelations inPastandPresent.

Mitha, K. (2020). Conceptualising and addressing mental disorders amongst Muslim communities: Approaches from the Islamic Golden Age. Transcultural Psychiatry, 57(6), 763-774.

Mohamed, W. M. Arab-Muslims Contributions to Modern Neuroscience: What’s Giving Us Hope?

Mohamed, Y. (1995). The Classical Views of Fitrah. Journal for Islamic Studies, 15, 3.

Moore-Berg, S. L., Hameiri, B., Falk, E., & Bruneau, E. (2022). Reducing Islamophobia: An assessment of psychological mechanisms that underlie anti-Islamophobia media interventions. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 13684302221085832.

Moore, J. (2017). John B. Watson's classical S–R behaviorism. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 1-34.

Mujahidin, M. S. (2023). Islamophobia and Acts of Extremism Against Muslim Minorities in Sri Lanka Before and During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Alfuad: Jurnal Sosial Keagamaan, 7(1), 52-70.

Naeem, F., Gobbi, M., Ayub, M., & Kingdon, D. (2009). University students’ views about compatibility of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) with their personal, social and religious values (a study from Pakistan). Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 12(8), 847-855.

Najib, K., & Teeple Hopkins, C. (2020). Geographies of Islamophobia. In (Vol. 21, pp. 449-457): Taylor & Francis.

Norman, N. A. (2021). Ibn Sina’s Theory of the Soul: A Taxonomy of Islamic Education. ICR Journal, 12(2), 275-289.

Norton, A. R., Abbott, M. J., Norberg, M. M., & Hunt, C. (2015). A systematic review of mindfulness and acceptance‐based treatments for social anxiety disorder. Journal of clinical psychology, 71(4), 283-301.

Nuraini, N., & Eduwar, E. (2020). The Potentials of Goodness and Badness in Humans on the Qur'an and Hadith. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute journal: humanities and social sciences, 3(2), 718-728.

Olivieri, C. (2019). Islam as decolonial re-existence vs. PRC institutionalized Islamophobia. Revista de Paz y Conflictos, 12(2), 35-55.

Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Leech, N. L., & Collins, K. M. (2012). Qualitative analysis techniques for the review of the literature. Qualitative Report, 17, 56.

Osman, M. N. (2018). The confluence of race and religion in understanding Islamophobia in Malaysia. In Islamophobia in Muslim majority societies (pp. 161-174): Routledge.

Othman, N. (2016). A preface to the Islamic personality psychology. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 8(1), 20-27.

Paloutzian, R. F. (2017). Psychology of Religion in the World. Revista Pistis & Praxis: Teologia e Pastoral, 9(1), 15-30.

Pasha-Zaidi, N., Al-Seheel, A., Bridges-Lyman, K., Dasti, R., Pasha-Zaidi, N., Al-Seheel, A., & Bridges-Lyman, K. (2021). Gratitude and wellbeing: Cultivating Islamically-integrated pathways to health and wellness. In Toward a Positive Psychology of Islam and Muslims: Spirituality, struggle, and social justice (pp. 207-234): Springer.

Pasha-Zaidi, N., Dahan, L. S., & Pasha-Zaidi, N. (2021). Introduction to the psychology of Islam and Muslims: A positive psychology JIHAD. In Toward a Positive Psychology of Islam and Muslims: Spirituality, struggle, and social justice (pp. 1-25): Springer.

Patel, I. A. (2022). Islamophobia in India. Islamophobia Studies Journal, 7(1), 82-95.

Pickren, W., & Rutherford, A. (2010). A history of modern psychology in context: John Wiley & Sons.

Pittman, C. L. (2022). The Integration of Christian Values into Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. The Chicago School of Professional Psychology,

Price-Blackshear, M. A., Kamble, S. V., Mudhol, V., Sheldon, K. M., & Ann Bettencourt, B. (2017). Mindfulness practices moderate the association between intergroup anxiety and outgroup attitudes. Mindfulness, 8(5), 1172-1183.

Rahman, K. A. (2022). Shifting the dynamics in popular culture on Islamophobic narratives. Pacific Journalism Review, 28(1/2), 19-28.

Rapee, R. M., & Spence, S. H. (2004). The etiology of social phobia: Empirical evidence and an initial model. Clinical psychology review, 24(7), 737-767.

Rapgay, L., Bystritsky, A., Dafter, R. E., & Spearman, M. (2011). New strategies for combining mindfulness with integrative cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 29, 92-119.

Rasmussen, M. K., & Pidgeon, A. M. (2011). The direct and indirect benefits of dispositional mindfulness on self-esteem and social anxiety. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 24(2), 227-233.

Rasool, E. (2010). South African Muslims Over Three Centuries: From the Jaws of Islamophobia to the Joys of Equality. ISLAMOPHOBIA AND ANTI-MUSLIM, 147.

Rassool, G. H. (2015). Islamic counselling: An introduction to theory and practice: Routledge.

Rassool, G. H. (2021). Islamic psychology: Human behaviour and experience from an Islamic perspective: Routledge.

Rassool, G. H. (2023). Islamic Psychology: The Basics: Taylor & Francis.

Rassool, G. H., & Luqman, M. M. (2022). Foundations of Islāmic Psychology: From Classical Scholars to Contemporary Thinkers: Taylor & Francis.

Reber, J. S. (2006). Secular psychology: What's the problem? Journal of Psychology and Theology, 34(3), 193-204.

Rezaeitalarposhti, A., & Rezaeitalarposhti, A. (2013). Psychology from Islamic perspective: Contributions of Quran to contemporary psychologists. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 6(11), 1590-1595.

Riaz, M. N. (2015). Portrayal of positive psychological capital in Qur’an. Al-Idah, 31(2), 37-73.

Rifai, S. (2020). Christchurch Massacre in New Zealand. Some Reflections about Islamophobia. In: Islamic Books: Great Britain.

Rilling, M. (2000). How the challenge of explaining learning influenced the origins and development of John B. Watson’s behaviorism. The American Journal of Psychology, 113(2), 275-301.

Riva, P., Montali, L., Wirth, J. H., Curioni, S., & Williams, K. D. (2017). Chronic social exclusion and evidence for the resignation stage: An empirical investigation. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 34(4), 541-564.

Rothman, A., Ahmed, A., & Awaad, R. (2022). The Contributions and Impact of Malik Badri: Father of Modern Islamic Psychology. American Journal of Islam and Society (AJIS)-Volume 39 Issues 1-2, 39, 190.

Rothman, A., & Coyle, A. (2018). Toward a framework for Islamic psychology and psychotherapy: An Islamic model of the soul. Journal of religion and health, 57(5), 1731-1744.

Rothman, A. E. D. (2019). Building an Islamic psychology and psychotherapy: a grounded theory study. Kingston University,

Runnymede Trust, I. (1997). a Challenge for Us all: Report of The Runnymede Trust Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia. London: Runnymede Trust.

Ryan, F., Coughlan, M., & Cronin, P. (2007). Step-by-step guide to critiquing research. Part 2: Qualitative research. British journal of nursing, 16(12), 738-744.

Samwel, H. J., Evers, A. W., Crul, B. J., & Kraaimaat, F. W. (2006). The role of helplessness, fear of pain, and passive pain-coping in chronic pain patients. The Clinical journal of pain, 22(3), 245-251.

Sarhan, W. (2017). The contribution of Arab Islamic civilization to mental health. The Editorial Assistants–Jordan, 28(1), 57-66.

Saritoprak, S. N., Exline, J. J., & Abu-Raiya, H. (2020). Spiritual jihad as an emerging psychological concept: Connections with religious/spiritual struggles, virtues, and perceived growth. Journal of Muslim mental health, 14(2).

Sayyid, S., & Vakil, A. (2008). Thinking Thru’Islamophobia. Paper presented at the Symposium, University of Leeds.

Seedat, M. (2020). Signifying Islamic psychology as a paradigm: A decolonial move. European Psychologist.

Segal, Z. V., Teasdale, J. D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2004). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy: Theoretical Rationale and Empirical Status.

Shapiro, S. L., Oman, D., Thoresen, C. E., Plante, T. G., & Flinders, T. (2008). Cultivating mindfulness: effects on well‐being. Journal of clinical psychology, 64(7), 840-862.

Sikka, S. (2022). Indian Islamophobia as Racism. The Political Quarterly, 93(3), 469-477.

Skinner, R. (2019). Traditions, paradigms and basic concepts in Islamic psychology. Journal of religion and health, 58(4), 1087-1094.

Sudrajat, U. A. B., Suud, F. M., & Raharjo, A. B. THE CONCEPTS OF FITRAH IN QUR'AN AND RELEVANCE FOR ISLAMIC EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT.

Sutar, C. (2013). ‘Islamophobia’-exploring the concept and its manifestation among the Dutch in The Hague. Masters Thesis). Retrieved from https://pdfs. semanticscholar. org/b524 …,

Swee, M. B., Hudson, C. C., & Heimberg, R. G. (2021). Examining the relationship between shame and social anxiety disorder: a systematic review. Clinical psychology review, 90, 102088.

Taib, M. M., & Taib, M. S. M. (2011). Social Psychology: A Critical Analysis from Islamic and Scientific Perspectives and Application in Industrial/Organizational Psychology.

Tamdgidi, M. H. (2012). Beyond Islamophobia and Islamophilia as Western epistemic racisms: Revisiting Runnymede Trust's definition in a world-history context. Islamophobia Studies Journal.

Tanhan, A., & Young, J. S. (2022). Muslims and mental health services: A concept map and a theoretical framework. Journal of religion and health, 1-41.

Terry, G., Hayfield, N., Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2017). Thematic analysis. The SAGE handbook of qualitative research in psychology, 2, 17-37.

Thomas, J., & Harden, A. (2008). Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC medical research methodology, 8(1), 1-10.

Titchener, E. B. (1905). Experimental psychology: A manual of laboratory practice, vol. II: Quantitative experiments: New York: The Macmillan Company.

Titchener, E. B. (1910). The past decade in experimental psychology. The American Journal of Psychology, 21(3), 404-421.

Todd, J. T., & Morris, E. K. (1986). The early research of John B. Watson: Before the behavioral revolution. The Behavior Analyst, 9, 71-88.

Trust, R. (1997). Islamophobia: A challenge for us all. London: Runnymede Trust, 41.

Ushama, T. (2020). The Consequences of Proliferation of Islamophobia in India and Muslims’ Predicaments: An Overview. AL-ITQAN: JOURNAL OF ISLAMIC SCIENCES AND COMPARATIVE STUDIES(2), 5-30.

Utz, A. (2011). Psychology from the Islamic perspective: International Islamic publishing house.

Vahed, G. (2007). Islam in the public sphere in post-Apartheid South Africa: prospects and challenges. Journal for Islamic Studies, 27(1), 116-149.

Vail, K. E., Rothschild, Z. K., Weise, D. R., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (2010). A terror management analysis of the psychological functions of religion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(1), 84-94.

Vaismoradi, M., Jones, J., Turunen, H., & Snelgrove, S. (2016). Theme development in qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis.

van der Noll, J., & Dekker, H. (2010). Islamophobia: In search for an explanation of negative attitudes towards Islam and Muslims, testing political socialization theory. PCS–Politics, Culture and Socialization, 1(3), 7-8.

Wallace, B. A., & Shapiro, S. L. (2006). Mental balance and well-being: building bridges between Buddhism and Western psychology. American Psychologist, 61(7), 690.

Warren, R., Smeets, E., & Neff, K. (2016). Self-criticism and self-compassion: Risk and resilience: Being compassionate to oneself is associated with emotional resilience and psychological well-being. Current Psychiatry, 15(12), 18-28.

Wede, J. –History of Psychology. Introductory Psychology.

Werner, K. H., Jazaieri, H., Goldin, P. R., Ziv, M., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2012). Self-compassion and social anxiety disorder. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 25(5), 543-558.

Williams, J. M. G., & Kabat-Zinn, J. (2011). Mindfulness: diverse perspectives on its meaning, origins, and multiple applications at the intersection of science and dharma. Contemporary Buddhism, 12(1), 1-18.

Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., & Geraghty, A. W. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical psychology review, 30(7), 890-905.

Yavuz, A., Dekker, H., & Stockmann, D. (2013). Wearing a hijab as a political issue; Political views and Muslim women’s reasons and motivations in the Netherlands.

Yusoff, S. N. A. M., Raudhah, A., Zulkifli, N. A., & Azmi, L. (2020). Bridging science and religion–treatment of depressed Muslim patients using Islamic Integrated Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. Malaysian Journal of Science Health & Technology, 6.

Yusuf, I. (2018). Three faces of the Rohingya crisis: Religious nationalism, Asian Islamophobia, and delegitimizing citizenship. Studia Islamika, 25(3), 503-542.

Zhou, X., Teng, T., Zhang, Y., Del Giovane, C., Furukawa, T. A., Weisz, J. R., . . . Xiang, Y. (2020). Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antidepressants, psychotherapies, and their combination for acute treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(7), 581-601.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/fikrah.v11i1.17133

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2023 FIKRAH

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.



Fikrah: Jurnal Ilmu Aqidah dan Studi Keagamaan is published by

Prodi Aqidah dan Filsafat Islam IAIN Kudus incorporate with

Asosiasi Aqidah dan Filsafat Islam.

Jl. Conge Ngembalrejo Bae Kudus Po Box. 51
Phone: +6282331050629
Website: http://journal.stainkudus.ac.id/index.php/fikrah
Email: fikrah@stainkudus.ac.id

ISSN: 2354-6174 | EISSN: 2476-9649

Creative Commons License
Fikrah Jurnal Ilmu Aqidah dan Studi Keagamaan by Prodi Aqidah dan Filsafat Islam Fakultas Ushuluddin IAIN Kudus is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.